Перевод: со всех языков на все языки

со всех языков на все языки

as the result of growth

  • 1 growth

    1. n рост; развитие

    to attain full growth — достичь полного развития, достичь зрелости

    2. n прирост
    3. n увеличение; усиление; распространение
    4. n выращивание, культивирование

    pre-epitaxial growth — выращивание скрытых n+-слоев

    5. n рост, произрастание
    6. n культура
    7. n плод; продукт, предмет выращивания
    8. n растительность; поросль
    9. n щетина
    10. n урожай
    11. n мед. опухоль, новообразование

    new growth — новообразование, опухоль

    Синонимический ряд:
    1. adulthood (noun) adulthood; completion; fullness; maturation
    2. development (noun) development; evolution; evolvement; expansion; flowering; germination; progress; progression; unfolding; upgrowth
    3. increase (noun) augmentation; boost; enlargement; increase; jump; multiplication; rise; surge; swell; upswing; upturn
    4. product (noun) outgrowth; produce; product; result
    5. tumor (noun) cancer; excrescence; fibrousness; mole; swelling; thickening; tumor; tumour
    Антонимический ряд:
    decline; decrease; drop; failure; loss

    English-Russian base dictionary > growth

  • 2 unbalanced growth

    Econ
    the result when not all sectors of an economy can grow at the same rate

    The ultimate business dictionary > unbalanced growth

  • 3 φύσις

    φύσις [pron. full] [ῠ], ἡ, gen. φύσεως, poet. φύσεος prob. (metri gr.) in E.Tr. 886, cf. Ar.V. 1282 (lyr.), 1458 (lyr.), [dialect] Ion. φύσιος: dual φύσει (
    A v.l. φύση) Pl.R. 410e, ([etym.] φύω):
    I origin,

    φ. οὐδενός ἐστιν ἁπάντων θνητῶν οὐδὲ.. τελευτή Emp.8.1

     (cf. Plu.2.1112a);

    φ. βούλονται λέγειν γένεσιν τὴν περὶ τὰ πρῶτα Pl.Lg. 892c

    ;

    ἡ φ. ἡ λεγομένη ὡς γένεσις ὁδός ἐστιν εἰς φύσιν Arist.Ph. 193b12

    ;

    φ. λέγεται ἡ τῶν φυομένων γένεσις Id.Metaph. 1014b16

    ; freq. of persons, birth,

    φύσει νεώτερος S.OC 1295

    , cf. Aj. 1301, etc.;

    φύσι γεγονότες εὖ Hdt.7.134

    ; φύσει, opp. θέσει (by adoption), D.L.9.25;

    φύσει Ἀμβρακιώτης, δημοποίητος δὲ Σικυώνιος Ath.4.183d

    ; so ὁ κατὰ φύσιν πατήρ, υἱός, ἀδελφός, Plb. 3.9.6, 3.12.3, 11.2.2; also in acc.,

    ἐκ πατρὸς ταὐτοῦ φύσιν S.El. 325

    ; ἢ φίλων τις ἢ πρὸς αἵματος φύσιν ib. 1125, cf. Isoc.3.42.
    2 growth, τριχῶν, παιδίου, Hp.Nat.Puer.20,29, cf. 27: pl.,

    γενειάσεις καὶ φύσεις κεράτων Plot.4.3.13

    .
    II the natural form or constitution of a person or thing as the result of growth (

    οἷον ἕκαστόν ἐστι τῆς γενέσεως τελεσθείσης, ταύτην φαμὲν τὴν φ. εἶναι ἑκάστου Arist.Pol. 1252b33

    ): hence,
    1 nature, constitution, once in Hom., καί μοι φύσιν αὐτοῦ (sc. τοῦ φαρμάκου)

    ἔδειξε Od.10.303

    ;

    φ. τῆς χώρης Hdt.2.5

    ;

    τῆς Ἀττικῆς X.Vect.1.2

    , cf. Oec.16.2, D.18.146, etc.;

    τῆς τριχός X.Eq.5.5

    ; αἵματος, ἀέρος, etc., Arist.PA 648a21, Mete. 340a36, etc.: pl.,

    φύσεις ἐγγιγνομένας καρπῶν καὶ δένδρων Isoc.7.74

    ;

    αἱ φ. καὶ δυνάμεις τῶν πολιτειῶν Id.12.134

    ;

    ἡ τῶν ἀριθμῶν φ. Pl.R. 525c

    ;

    ἡ τῶν πάντων φ. X.Mem.1.1.11

    , etc.;

    ἡ ἰδία τοῦ πράγματος φ. IG22.1099.28

     (Epist.Plotinae).
    2 outward form, appearance,

    μέζονας ἢ κατ' ἀνθρώπων φύσιν Hdt.8.38

    ; ἢ νόον ἤτοι φύσιν either in mind or outward form, Pi.N.6.5;

    οὐ γὰρ φ. Ὠαριωνείαν ἔλαχεν Id.I.4(3).49

     (67);

    μορφῆς δ' οὐχ ὁμόστολος φ. A.Supp. 496

    ;

    τὸν δὲ Λάϊον φύσιν τίν' εἶχε φράζε S.OT 740

     (read εἷρπε, taking φ. with ἔχων), cf. Tr. 379; δρακαίνης φ. ἔχουσαν ἀγρίαν prob. in E.Ba. 1358;

    τὴν ἐμὴν ἰδὼν φ. Ar.V. 1071

     (troch.), cf. Nu. 503;

    τὴν τοῦ σώματος φ. Isoc.9.75

    .
    3 Medic., constitution, temperament, Hp.Aph.3.2 (pl.), al.;

    ἡ φ. καὶ ἡ ἕξις Id.Acut.43

    ;

    φ. φύσιος καὶ ἡλικία ἡλικίης διαφέρει Id.Fract.7

    ;

    φύσιες νούσων ἰητροί Id.Epid.6.5.1

    .
    b natural place or position of a bone or joint, ἀποπηδᾶν ἀπὸ τῆς φ., ἐς τὴν φ. ἄγεσθαι, Id.Art.61, 62, al.;

    ὀστέον μένον ἐν τῇ ἑωυτοῦ φ. Id.VC5

    , al.;

    φύσιες τῶν ἄρθρων Id.Nat.Puer.17

    .
    4 of the mind, one's nature, character,

    ἦθος ἕκαστον, ὅπῃ φ. ἐστὶν ἑκάστῳ Emp.110.5

    ;

    εὐγενὴς γὰρ ἡ φ. κἀξ εὐγενῶν.. ἡ σή S.Ph. 874

    ; τὴν αὑτοῦ φ. λιπεῖν, δεῖξαι, ib. 902, 1310;

    φ. φρενός E.Med. 103

     (anap.);

    ἡ ἀνθρωπεία φ. Th.1.76

    ;

    φ. τῆς μορφῆς καὶ τῆς ψυχῆς X.Cyr.1.2.2

    ;

    ὀνόματι μεμπτὸν τὸ νόθον, ἡ φ. δ' ἴση E.Fr. 168

    ; φ. φιλόσοφος, τυραννική, etc., Pl.R. 410e, 576a, etc.;

    δεξιοὶ φύσιν A.Pr. 489

    ;

    ἀκμαῖοι φύσιν Id.Pers. 441

    ;

    τὸ γὰρ ἀποστῆναι χαλεπὸν φύσεος, ἣν ἔχοι τις Ar.V. 1458

     (lyr.), cf. 1282 (lyr.);

    Σόλων.. ἦν φιλόδημος τὴν φ. Id.Nu. 1187

    ;

    ἔνιοι ὄντες ὡς ἀληθῶς τοῦ δήμου τὴν φ. οὐ δημοτικοί εἰσι X.Ath.2.19

    ; φύσεως ἰσχύς force of natural powers, Th.1.138; φύσεως κακία badness of natural disposition, D.20.140;

    ἀγαθοὶ.. γίγνονται διὰ τριῶν, τὰ τρία δὲ ταῦτά ἐστι φ. ἔθος λόγος Arist. Pol. 1332a40

    ; χρῶ τῇ φύσει, i.e. give rein to your natural propensities, Ar.Nu. 1078, cf. Isoc.7.38;

    τῇ φ. χρώμενος Plu.Cor.18

    ;

    θείας κοινωνοὶ φ. 2 Ep.Pet.1.4

    : pl., Isoc.4.113, v.l. in E.Andr. 956;

    οἱ ἄριστοι τὰς φ. Pl.R. 526c

    , cf. 375b, al.: prov.,

    ἔθος, φασί, δευτέρη φ. Jul.Mis. 353a

    .
    b instinct in animals, etc., Democr.278;

    οὐκ ἐπιστήμῃ οὐδὲ τέχνῃ ἀλλὰ φύσει Herm.

     ap. Stob.1.41.6;

    ἐν τοῖς ἄλλοις ζῴοις ἡ αἴσθησις τῇ φ. ἥνωται, ἐν δὲ ἀνθρώποις τῇ νοήσει Corp.Herm. 9.1

    , cf. 12.1.
    5 freq. in periphrases, καὶ γὰρ ἂν πέτρου φύσιν σύ γ' ὀργάνειας, i.e. would'st provoke a stone, S.OT 335;

    χθονὸς φ. A.Ag. 633

    ; esp. in Pl.,

    ἡ τοῦ πτεροῦ φ. Phdr. 251b

    ;

    ἡ φ. τῶν σωμάτων Smp. 186b

    ; ἡ φ. τῆς ἀσθενείας its natural weakness, Phd. 87e;

    ἡ τοῦ μυελοῦ φ. Ti. 84c

    ;

    ἡ τοῦ δικαίου φ. Lg. 862d

    , al.; ἡ φ., with gen. understood, Smp. 191a, Phd. 109e.
    III the regular order of nature,

    τύχη.. ἀβέβαιος, φ. δὲ αὐτάρκης Democr.176

    ;

    κατὰ φύσιν Pl.R. 444d

    , etc.; τρίχες κατὰ φύσιν πεφυκυῖαι growing naturally, Hdt.2.38, cf. Alex.156.7 (troch.);

    κατὰ φύσιν νόμος ὁ πάντων βασιλεύς Pi.Fr. 169

     (cf. Pl.Grg. 488b);

    κατὰ φ. ποιεῖν Heraclit.112

    ; opp. παρὰ φύσιν, E.Ph. 395, Th.6.17, etc.;

    παρὰ τὴν φ. Anaxipp.1.18

    ; προδότης ἐκ φύσεως a traitor by nature, Aeschin.2.165; πρὸ τῆς φ. ἥκειν εἰς θάνατον before the natural term, Plu.Comp.Dem.Cic.5: freq. in dat. φύσει (

    ἐν φ. Hp.

    Aër.14) by nature, naturally, opp. τύχῃ, τέχνῃ, Pl.Lg. 889b, cf. R. 381b;

    φύσει τοιοῦτος Ar.Pl. 275

    , cf. 279, al.;

    ὁ ἄνθρωπος φ. πολιτικὸν ζῷόν ἐστι Arist.Pol. 1253a3

    ; ὁ μὴ αὑτοῦ φ. ἀλλ' ἄλλου ἄνθρωπος ὤν, οὗτος φ. δοῦλός ἐστιν ib. 1254a15;

    φ. γὰρ οὐδεὶς δοῦλος ἐγενήθη ποτέ Philem.95.2

    ; opp. νόμῳ (by convention), Philol.9, Archelaus ap.D.L.2.16, Pl.Grg. 482e, cf. Prt. 337d, etc.;

    τὰ μὲν τῶν νόμων ὁμολογηθέντα, οὐ φύντ' ἐστίν, τὰ δὲ τῆς φύσεως φύντα, οὐχ ὁμολογηθέντα Antipho Soph.44

    Ai 32 (Vorsokr.5);

    ἅπας ὁ τῶν ἀνθρώπων βίος φύσει καὶ νόμοις διοικεῖται D.25.15

    ;

    τοὺς τῆς φ. οὐκ ἔστι λανθάνειν νόμους Men.Mon. 492

    ;

    οὐ σοφίᾳ, ἀλλὰ φύσει τινί Pl. Ap. 22c

    ;

    φ. μὴ πεφυκότα τοιαῦτα φωνεῖν S.Ph.79

    , cf. Pl.Phlb. 14c, etc.;

    φύσει πάντα πάντες ὁμοίως πεφύκαμεν καὶ βάρβαροι καὶ Ἕλληνες εἶναι Antipho Soph.44

     Bii 10 (Vorsokr.5); φύσιν ἔχει c. inf., it is natural, κῶς φύσιν ἔχει πολλὰς μυριάδας φονεῦσαι (sc. τὸν Ἡρακλέα); Hdt.2.45, cf. Pl.R. 473a; οὐκ ἔχει φύσιν it is contrary to nature, ib. 489b;

    οὔτ' εὔλογον οὔτ' ἔχον ἐστὶ φύσιν D.2.26

    ;

    τὸ τόλμημα φύσιν οὐκ ἔχει Polem.Call.36

    .
    IV in Philosophy:
    1 nature as an originating power,

    φ. λέγεται.. ὅθεν ἡ κίνησις ἡ πρώτη ἐν ἑκάστῳ τῶν φύσει ὄντων Arist.Metaph. 1014b16

    ;

    ὁ δὲ θεὸς καὶ ἡ φ. οὐδὲν μάτην ποιοῦσιν Id.Cael. 271a33

    ; ἡ δὲ φ. οὐδὲν ἀλόγως οὐδὲ μάτην ποιεῖ ib. 291b13;

    ἡ μὲν τέχνη ἀρχὴ ἐν ἄλλῳ, ἡ δὲ φ. ἀρχὴ ἐν αὐτῷ Id.Metaph. 1070a8

    , cf. Mete. 381b5, etc.;

    φ. κρύπτεσθαι φιλεῖ Heraclit.123

    ;

    ἡ γοητεία τῆς φ. Plot.4.4.44

    ; φ. κοινή, the principle of growth in the universe, Cleanth.Stoic.1.126; as Stoic t.t., the inner fire which causes preservation and growth in plants and animals, defined as πῦρ τεχνικὸν ὁδῷ βαδίζον εἰς γένεσιν, Stoic.1.44, cf. 35, al., S.E.M.9.81; Nature, personified,

    χάρις τῇ μακαρίᾳ Φ. Epicur.Fr. 469

    ;

    Φ. καὶ Εἱμαρμένη καὶ Ἀνάγκη Phld. Piet.12

    ;

    ἡ κατωφερὴς Φ. Corp.Herm.1.14

    .
    2 elementary substance,

    κινδυνεύει ὁ λέγων ταῦτα πῦρ καὶ ὕδωρ καὶ γῆν καὶ ἀέρα πρῶτα ἡγεῖσθαι τῶν πάντων εἶναι καὶ τὴν φ. ὀνομάζειν αὐτὰ ταῦτα Pl.Lg. 891c

    , cf. Arist.Fr.52 (defined as

    τὴν πρώτην οὐσίαν.. ὑποβεβλημένην ἅπασι τοῖς γεννητοῖς καὶ φθαρτοῖς σώμασι Gal.15.3

    );

    τῶν φύσει ὄντων τὰ στοιχεῖά φασιν εἶναι φύσιν Arist.Metaph. 1014b33

    : pl., Epicur.Ep. 1p.6U., al.;

    ἄτομοι φ.

     atoms,

    Democr.

     ap. Diog.Oen.5, Epicur.Ep. 1p.7U.;

    ἄφθαρτοι φ. Phld.Piet.83

    .
    3 concrete, the creation, 'Nature',

    ἀθανάτου.. φύσεως κόσμον ἀγήρων E.Fr. 910

     (anap.);

    περὶ φύσεώς τε καὶ τῶν μετεώρων ἀστρονομικὰ ἄττα διερωτᾶν Pl.Prt. 315c

    ; περὶ φύσεως, title of works by Xenophanes, Heraclitus, Gorgias, Epicurus, etc.;

    [σοφία] ἣν δὴ καλοῦσι περὶ φύσεως ἱστορίαν Pl.Phd. 96a

    ;

    περὶ φ. ἀφοριζόμενοι διεχώριζον ζῴων τε βίον δένδρων τε φύσιν λαχάνων τε γένη Epicr.11.13

     (anap.); so later,

    ἡ φ. τὸ ὑπὸ ψυχῆς τῆς πάσης ταχθέν Plot.2.2.1

    ;

    τὰ στοιχεῖα τῆς φ. Corp.Herm.1.8

    ; αἱ δύο φ., i.e. heaven and earth, light and darkness, etc., PMag.Leid.W.6.42.
    4 Pythag. name for two, Theol.Ar.12.
    V as a concrete term, creature, freq. in collect. sense, θνητὴ φ. mankind, S.Fr. 590 (anap.), cf. OT 869 (lyr.); πόντου εἰναλία φ. the creatures of the sea, Id.Ant. 345 (lyr.);

    ὃ πᾶσα φ. διώκειν πέφυκε Pl.R. 359c

    , cf. Plt. 272c; ἡ τῶν θηλειῶν φ. woman- kind (opp. τὸ ἄρρεν φῦλον) X.Lac.3.4: also in pl., S.OT 674, Pl.R. 588c, Plt. 306e, X.Oec.13.9; in contemptuous sense, αἱ τοιαῦται φ. such creatures as these, Isoc.4.113, cf. 20.11, Aeschin.1.191.
    b of plants or material substances,

    φ. εὐώδεις καρποφοροῦσαι D.S.2.49

    ;

    ὑγράν τινα φ. καπνὸν ἀποδιδοῦσαν Corp.Herm. 1.4

    .
    VI kind, sort, species,

    ταύτην.. ἔχειν βιοτῆς.. φύσιν S.Ph. 165

     (anap.);

    ἐκλέγονται ἐκ τούτων χρημάτων μίαν φ. τὴν τῶν λευκῶν Pl.R. 429d

    ; φ. [ἀλωπεκίδων] species, X.Cyn.3.1; natural group or class of plants, Thphr.HP6.1.1 (pl.).
    VII sex, θῆλυς φῦσα (prob. for οὖσα)

    κοὐκ ἀνδρὸς φύσιν S.Tr. 1062

    , cf. OC 445, Th.2.45, Pl.Lg. 770d, 944d: hence,
    2 the characteristic of sex, = αἰδοῖον, Tab.Defix. 89a6 (iv B.C.), Nic.Fr.107, D.S.32.10, S.E.M.1.150, etc.: esp. of the female organ, Hp.Mul.2.143, Ant.Lib.41, Artem.5.63, PMag.Osl.1.83,324, Horap. 1.11: pl., τῶν δύοφ., of the testes, Sch.Ar.Lys.92, cf. PMag.Par.1.318.

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > φύσις

  • 4 κύημα

    κύ-ημα [ῠ], ατος, τό,
    A that which is conceived, embryo, foetus, Hp. Epid.7.6, al., Pl.R. 461c, Arist.GA 719b33, etc.
    II in Botany, that which is swollen as the result of growth, e.g. base of flower-head, Thphr.HP6.4.3: of a cabbage-sprout, Dsc.2.120, Gal.6.642.

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > κύημα

  • 5 denominar

    v.
    1 to call.
    2 to name, to denote, to denominate, to designate.
    * * *
    1 to denominate, name
    * * *
    verb
    to designate, name
    * * *
    VT to name, designate
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo (frml)

    un área a la que denominamos... — an area which we call...

    b) ( con carácter oficial) to designate
    2.
    denominarse v pron (frml) to be called
    * * *
    = call, designate as, dub, name, term, denote, denominate, baptise [baptize, -USA].
    Ex. The creation of a series of entries for inclusion in a catalogue or printed index is an indexing process which must involve some system, which we might call an indexing system.
    Ex. With the preliminary investigations completed, a joint working group designated as the IFLA Working Group on an International Authority System was established.
    Ex. Carlyle Systems Inc has recently issued version 2.1 of their cataloguing input/edit module, dubbed CATIE.
    Ex. The author statement may, for example, name all of a string of authors, or just the first named.
    Ex. This process of analysis into facets is called facet analysis, and the resultant classification is termed a faceted classification.
    Ex. If we draw a cross-section through A, and plot this on a graph showing degree of relevance, we get the result denoted APUPA by Ranganathan.
    Ex. The result of UNESCO's activity has been the growth of mass of international activity accompanied by a daunting array of jargon and initialese aptly denominated by P.J. Judge as 'alphabet soup'.
    Ex. This article defines a user friendly micro-language, baptized MILAMU, that facilitates both access to these multimedia databases and formulation of multimedia queries = Este artículo explica un microlenguaje de programación, denominado MILAMU, que facilita tanto el acceso a estas bases de datos multimedia como la formulación de enunciados de búsqueda de documentos multimedia.
    ----
    * denominar en homenaje a = name after.
    * denominar en recuerdo de = name after.
    * denominar erróneamente = mislabel.
    * denominar por = name after.
    * denominarse = refer to as.
    * denominarse así = be so called.
    * denominarse así por = get + Posesivo + name from.
    * que se denomina a si mismo = self-proclaimed.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo (frml)

    un área a la que denominamos... — an area which we call...

    b) ( con carácter oficial) to designate
    2.
    denominarse v pron (frml) to be called
    * * *
    = call, designate as, dub, name, term, denote, denominate, baptise [baptize, -USA].

    Ex: The creation of a series of entries for inclusion in a catalogue or printed index is an indexing process which must involve some system, which we might call an indexing system.

    Ex: With the preliminary investigations completed, a joint working group designated as the IFLA Working Group on an International Authority System was established.
    Ex: Carlyle Systems Inc has recently issued version 2.1 of their cataloguing input/edit module, dubbed CATIE.
    Ex: The author statement may, for example, name all of a string of authors, or just the first named.
    Ex: This process of analysis into facets is called facet analysis, and the resultant classification is termed a faceted classification.
    Ex: If we draw a cross-section through A, and plot this on a graph showing degree of relevance, we get the result denoted APUPA by Ranganathan.
    Ex: The result of UNESCO's activity has been the growth of mass of international activity accompanied by a daunting array of jargon and initialese aptly denominated by P.J. Judge as 'alphabet soup'.
    Ex: This article defines a user friendly micro-language, baptized MILAMU, that facilitates both access to these multimedia databases and formulation of multimedia queries = Este artículo explica un microlenguaje de programación, denominado MILAMU, que facilita tanto el acceso a estas bases de datos multimedia como la formulación de enunciados de búsqueda de documentos multimedia.
    * denominar en homenaje a = name after.
    * denominar en recuerdo de = name after.
    * denominar erróneamente = mislabel.
    * denominar por = name after.
    * denominarse = refer to as.
    * denominarse así = be so called.
    * denominarse así por = get + Posesivo + name from.
    * que se denomina a si mismo = self-proclaimed.

    * * *
    denominar [A1 ]
    vt
    ( frml):
    1985 fue denominado Año Internacional de la Juventud 1985 was designated International Youth Year
    el área de percepción que denominamos extrasensorial the area of perception known as extrasensory o termed extrasensory o which we call extrasensory
    el denominado efecto invernadero the so-called greenhouse effect
    una planta denominada así por su forma a plant so called because of its shape
    ( frml); to be called
    * * *

    denominar ( conjugate denominar) verbo transitivo (frml)



    denominar verbo transitivo to name, designate
    ' denominar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    designar
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    to call;
    esto es lo que denominamos un mapa de bits this is what is termed a bitmap;
    el comúnmente denominado mal de las vacas locas mad cow disease, as it is popularly dubbed
    * * *
    v/t designate
    * * *
    : to designate, to name

    Spanish-English dictionary > denominar

  • 6 obra

    f.
    1 work.
    la obra pictórica de Miguel Ángel Michelangelo's paintings
    obra de arte work of art
    obras completas complete works
    obra de consulta reference work
    obra maestra masterpiece
    2 work.
    obras públicas public works
    3 building site.
    4 play.
    5 opus, piece of work, composition, piece.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: obrar.
    imperat.
    2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: obrar.
    * * *
    1 (trabajo) work
    3 (acto) deed
    4 (institución) institution, foundation
    5 (construcción) building site
    1 (en casa) alterations, repairs; (en carretera) road works
    ■ 'Carretera cortada por obras' "Road closed for repairs"
    \
    'En obras' "Building works"
    ¡manos a la obra! let's get cracking!
    obras son amores, que no buenas razones actions speak louder than words
    por obra y gracia del Espíritu Santo by the power of the Holy Spirit 2 familiar as if by magic
    obra de arte work of art
    obra de caridad good deed
    obra maestra masterpiece
    obra musical musical
    obras completas collected works
    obras públicas public works
    * * *
    noun f.
    1) work
    2) play
    •
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=acción) deed

    • buenas obras — good works, good deeds

    • ser obra de algn — to be sb's doing

    • poner por obra un plan — to set a plan in motion

    • por obra (y gracia) de — thanks to

    una gimnasta convertida en ídolo mundial por obra y gracia de su entrenador — a gymnast who became a world famous idol thanks to her coach

    por obra y gracia del Espíritu Santo — (Rel) through the working of the Holy Spirit, by the power of the Holy Spirit

    cree que el trabajo va a estar terminado mañana por obra y gracia del Espíritu Santo — iró he thinks that the work will miraculously get done tomorrow

    obra benéfica — (=acción) charitable deed; (=organización) charitable organization, charity

    obra de caridad — charitable deed, act of charity

    obra de misericordia — (Rel) work of mercy

    obra social — (=organización) benevolent fund for arts, sports etc ; (=labor) charitable work

    2) [de creación artística]
    a) (=producción total) (Arte, Literat, Teat, Mús) work
    b) (=pieza) (Arte, Mús) work; (Teat) play; (Literat) book, work

    una obra de Goya — a work o painting by Goya

    obras completas — complete works, collected works

    obra de divulgación — non-fiction book aimed at a popular audience

    obra de teatro, obra dramática — play

    3) (Constr)
    a) (=edificio en construcción) building site, construction site

    ¿cuándo acaban la obra? — when do they finish the building work?

    b)

    de obra — [chimenea] brick antes de s ; [estantería, armario] built-in

    c) pl obras [en edificio] building work sing, construction work sing ; [en carretera] roadworks

    las obras de construcción del hospital — building o construction work on the hospital

    los vecinos están de obras — they're having building work done next door, they have the builders in next door *

    obras — [en edificio] building under construction; [en carretera] roadworks

    página en obras — (Internet) site under construction

    obras viales, obras viarias — roadworks

    4) (=ejecución) workmanship
    5) Chile brickwork
    6)
    7)

    la Obra — Esp (Rel) Opus Dei

    See:
    * * *
    1)

    sus obras de teatro or su obra dramática — her plays

    b) (Mús) work, opus
    2) ( acción)

    por sus obras los conoceréis — (Bib) by their works will you know them

    3) (Arquit, Const)
    a) ( construcción) building work

    estamos de or en obras — we're having some building work done

    peligro: obras — danger: building work in progress

    b) ( sitio) building o construction site
    4) la Obra (Relig) the Opus Dei
    * * *
    1)

    sus obras de teatro or su obra dramática — her plays

    b) (Mús) work, opus
    2) ( acción)

    por sus obras los conoceréis — (Bib) by their works will you know them

    3) (Arquit, Const)
    a) ( construcción) building work

    estamos de or en obras — we're having some building work done

    peligro: obras — danger: building work in progress

    b) ( sitio) building o construction site
    4) la Obra (Relig) the Opus Dei
    * * *
    obra1
    1 = alterations, building site, construction site.

    Ex: Better flexibility is achieved if the heating, ventilation and lighting can accommodate this move without the need for any alterations.

    Ex: This system maintains knowledge relevant to the building process and makes it easily accessible to the participants of this process, especially those at the building site.
    Ex: The most striking manifestation of this exploitation is the boom town, defined as the 'rapid and extreme growth of population in communities adjacent to mines and construction sites,' or as a 'community which is undergoing rapid growth and rapid change'.
    * ahorrar mano de obra = save + manpower.
    * costes de mano de obra = labour costs.
    * dedicación de mano de obra = expenditure of manpower.
    * deducción por donación a obras benéficas = charitable deduction, charitable tax deduction.
    * despedir mano de oba = shed + jobs.
    * despedir mano de obra = axe + jobs, cut + jobs.
    * donación anual a obras de caridad = charitable gift annuity.
    * escasez de mano de obra = labour shortage.
    * falta de mano de obra = labour shortage.
    * mano de obra = labour [labor, -USA], manpower, manpower force, work-force [workforce], work-force, labour force, manual labour.
    * mano de obra del campo = farm labour force.
    * mano de obra extranjera = foreign labour.
    * mano de obra infantil = child labour.
    * mano de obra inmigrante = foreign labour.
    * obra benéfica = charity, charity.
    * obra benéfica religiosa = parochial charity.
    * obra de beneficiencia = benefaction.
    * obra de romanos = Herculean task, Herculanian task.
    * obras públicas = public works.
    * obras son amores y no buenas razones = actions speak louder than words.
    * permiso de obra = building permit.
    * pie de obra = building site.
    * ponerse manos a la obra = get down to + business, swing into + action.
    * que necesita bastante mano de obra = labour-intensive [labour intensive].
    * ser la obra de = be the work of.
    * todos manos a la obra = all hands on deck, all hands to the pump(s).

    obra2
    2 = item, title, work, stock item, oeuvre.

    Ex: A catalogue is a list of the materials or items in a library, with the entries representing the items arranged in some systematic order.

    Ex: If the title is selected by a book club this helps boost the print-run and overall sales.
    Ex: An authority entry is an entry for which the initial element is the uniform heading for a person, corporate body, or work, as established by the cataloguing agency responsible.
    Ex: A new building will open in 1990, catering for 5 million stock items and 1,000 readers' seats.
    Ex: For about a 3rd of the departments, publications not covered in citation indexes accounted for at least 30 per cent of the citations to their total oeuvre.
    * ARBA (Anuario de Obras de Referencia Americanas) = ARBA (American Reference Books Annual).
    * arte y técnica de escribir obras de teatro = playwriting.
    * autor de obras de teatro = playwright.
    * catálogo de obras completas = back catalogue.
    * catálogo de obras editadas = back catalogue.
    * catálogo de obras musicales = music catalogue.
    * edición de obras científicas = scholarly publishing.
    * edición de obras de consumo = consumer publishing.
    * fotografía de obra de arte = art photograph.
    * lector de obra literaria = literary reader.
    * lectura de obra de teatro en voz alta = play-reading [play reading].
    * lectura de obras literarias = literary reading.
    * música de obra de teatro = stage music.
    * obra amparada por el derecho de autor = copyright work.
    * obra anónima = anonymous work.
    * obra anónima clásica = anonymous classic.
    * obra antigua = ancient work.
    * obra apócrifa = apocryphal work.
    * obra audiovisual = audiovisual work.
    * obra autobiográfica = autobiographical work.
    * obra citada = cited work.
    * obra colectiva = collective work.
    * obra compuesta = composite work.
    * obra de arte = work of art, masterpiece, artistic work, art work, art work.
    * obra de arte musical = musical masterpiece.
    * obra de contenido general = general work.
    * obra de creación literaria = fiction book.
    * obra de creación original = creative work.
    * obra de lectura obligatoria = a must-read.
    * obra de literatura = literary work.
    * obra de referencia = reference book, reference work, finding aid, desk reference, reference resource, work of reference.
    * obra de referencia básica = standard work.
    * obra de referencia estándar = standard reference work.
    * obra de teatro = play, theatrical work.
    * obra de teatro adaptada al cine = theatrical motion picture.
    * obra de teatro dramática = drama-play.
    * obra de teatro infantil = children's play.
    * obra de teatro para niños = children's play.
    * obra dramática = dramatic work.
    * obra en varios volúmenes = multi-volume work.
    * obra fuente de la cita = citing work.
    * obra gráfica = graphic work.
    * obra impresa = printed work.
    * obra literaria = literary work, work of literature, work of imagination.
    * obra literaria simplificada = easy reader book.
    * obra maestra = showpiece, masterpiece.
    * obra maestra de la pintura clásica = old master, old master painting.
    * obra magna = magnum opus.
    * obra multimedia = multimedia work.
    * obra musical = musical work.
    * obra para grupo instrumental = ensemble work.
    * obra piadosa = work of piety.
    * obra pictórica = pictorial work.
    * obra relacionada = related work.
    * obras = life's work.
    * obras completas = collected works, oeuvre.
    * obras de consulta rápida = quick reference material.
    * obras de creación literaria = fiction.
    * obras de ficción = fiction.
    * obras de literatura = literary materials.
    * obras literarias = literature, literary materials.
    * obras no ficción = non-fiction [nonfiction].
    * obras que revelan un escándalo = exposé.
    * obra teatral = theatrical work.
    * original de una obra de arte = art original.
    * parte de una obra = component part.
    * representar una obra = put on + performance, put on + play.

    * * *
    A
    esta escultura es una de sus primeras obras this sculpture is one of her earliest works o pieces
    una obra literaria importante an important literary work
    ésta es una obra menor this is a minor work
    una excelente obra de artesanía an excellent piece of craftsmanship
    la obra cinematográfica de Buñuel Buñuel's films, Buñuel's oeuvre ( frml)
    las obras completas de García Lorca the complete o collected works of García Lorca
    sus obras de teatro or su obra dramática her plays
    2 ( Mús) work, opus
    Compuestos:
    work of art
    reference book, work of reference
    masterpiece, chef d'oeuvre ( frml)
    B
    (acción): ya he hecho mi buena obra del día I reckon I've done my good deed for the day
    por sus obras los conoceréis ( Bib) by their works will you know them
    hizo muchas obras de misericordia she performed many charitable deeds
    ha trabajado incansablemente, todo esto es obra suya she has worked tirelessly, all this is her doing
    esto es obra de Víctor this is Víctor's doing
    piensa que la casa se va a pintar por obra y gracia del Espíritu Santo ( hum); he seems to think the house will paint itself
    ser obra de romanos or de benedictinos to be a huge o mammoth task
    obras son amores que no buenas razones actions speak louder than words
    Compuestos:
    ● obra benéfica or de beneficencia or de caridad
    (acto) charitable act o deed, act of charity; (organización) charity, charitable organization
    (labor filantrópica) benevolent o charitable work; (mutualidad) ( Arg) ≈ benefit society ( in US), ≈ friendly society ( in UK)
    C ( Arquit, Const) (construcción) building work
    la casa aún está en obra the house is still being built, the house is still under construction ( frml)
    perdona el desorden, estamos de or en obras sorry about the mess, we're having some building work done o ( colloq) we've got the builders in
    [ S ] instalación de calefacción sin obra heating systems installed — no building work involved
    [ S ] peligro: obras danger: building o construction work in progress
    [ S ] cerrado por obras closed for repairs/refurbishment
    mano1 (↑ mano (1))
    Compuestos:
    freeboard, dead work ( ant)
    (Col, Méx): el edificio está en obra negra the building is just a shell
    fpl public works (pl)
    fpl ( AmL) roadworks (pl)
    fpl ( Esp) roadworks (pl)
    D (sitio) building o construction site
    E
    la Obra ( Relig) the Opus Dei
    * * *

     

    Del verbo obrar: ( conjugate obrar)

    obra es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    obra    
    obrar
    obra sustantivo femenino
    1 ( creación artística) work;

    una obra de artesanía a piece of craftsmanship;
    sus obras de teatro her plays;
    obra de arte work of art;
    obra maestra masterpiece
    2 ( acción):

    obra benéfica ( acto) act of charity;

    ( organización) charity, charitable organization
    3 (Arquit, Const)


    b) ( sitio) building o construction site

    obrar ( conjugate obrar) verbo intransitivo ( actuar) to act;

    verbo transitivo ‹ milagros› to work
    obra sustantivo femenino
    1 (producto, trabajo) (piece of) work
    obra de arte, work of art
    las obras completas de Baroja, the complete works of Baroja
    este desaguisado es obra de tu hermano, this despicable act was the work of your brother
    2 (acción) deed
    buenas/malas obras, good/bad deeds
    por sus obras los conoceréis, you'll know them by their deeds
    3 Constr building site
    (de la carretera, etc) repairs: la calle mayor está en obras, the main street is being repaired
    Ministerio de Obras Públicas, the Ministry of Works
    4 Teat play
    5 (efecto, resultado) result: todo el proyecto es obra de un esfuerzo colectivo, the project is the result of a joint effort
    ♦ Locuciones: obras son amores y no buenas razones, actions speak louder than words
    obrar
    I verbo intransitivo
    1 (proceder) to act, behave: siento que no he obrado bien, I don't feel I've done the right thing
    2 (hallarse) el testamento obra en mi poder/mis manos..., the will is in my possession
    II vtr (causar) to work

    ' obra' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    adaptar
    - albañilería
    - alguna
    - alguno
    - censurar
    - clásica
    - clásico
    - concurso
    - dramatizar
    - encuadrar
    - ensayar
    - espanto
    - esperpéntica
    - esperpéntico
    - estigmatizar
    - éxito
    - faraónica
    - faraónico
    - hecha
    - hecho
    - infame
    - interpretar
    - lema
    - maestra
    - maestro
    - mamarrachada
    - mano
    - notabilidad
    - obrar
    - paralizarse
    - ponderar
    - producir
    - regusto
    - reponer
    - reposición
    - representar
    - restauración
    - señera
    - señero
    - sensiblera
    - sensiblería
    - sensiblero
    - teatral
    - teatro
    - título
    - trabajada
    - trabajado
    - versión
    - ambientación
    - ambientar
    English:
    audition
    - bring off
    - building site
    - charitable
    - chronic
    - classic
    - collection
    - crack
    - creative
    - dinner theater
    - doing
    - downstairs
    - drama
    - effort
    - elaborate
    - enthusiasm
    - flop
    - funnel
    - handiwork
    - hoarding
    - humorous
    - irony
    - labour
    - labour-intensive
    - long
    - manpower
    - masterpiece
    - moderately
    - opening
    - piece
    - play
    - stick in
    - title
    - undermanning
    - whodunit
    - whodunnit
    - work
    - workforce
    - write up
    - writing
    - about
    - appalling
    - building
    - burlesque
    - by
    - credit
    - gang
    - grip
    - hardly
    - invite
    * * *
    obra nf
    1. [trabajo, acción]
    hacer o [m5] realizar una buena obra to do a good deed;
    ya he hecho la buena obra del día I've done my good deed for the day;
    poner algo en obra to put sth into effect;
    por sus obras los conoceréis by their works will you know them;
    es obra suya it's his doing;
    la ruina de las cosechas es obra de la sequía the crops have been ruined as a result of the drought;
    obras son amores y no buenas razones actions speak louder than words
    obra benéfica [institución] charity; [acción, trabajo] charitable deed;
    obra de beneficencia [institución] charity;
    [acción, trabajo] charitable deed;
    obra de caridad [institución] charity;
    [acción, trabajo] charitable deed; Anticuado obra pía charitable institution; Arg obra social benevolent fund;
    obras sociales community work
    2. [creación artística] work;
    [de teatro] play; [de música] work, opus;
    la obra pictórica de Miguel Ángel Michelangelo's paintings;
    una obra de artesanía a piece of craftsmanship
    obra de arte work of art;
    obras completas complete works;
    obra de consulta reference work;
    obra dramática [pieza] play, drama;
    [conjunto] plays, dramatic works;
    obra maestra masterpiece;
    obra menor minor work
    3. [trabajo de construcción] work;
    [reforma doméstica, en local] alteration;
    el ayuntamiento va a empezar una obra en el descampado the council is going to start building on the wasteground;
    vamos a hacer obra o [m5] obras en la cocina we're going to make some alterations to our kitchen;
    toda la calle está en obras there are roadworks all along the road;
    el edificio lleva en obras más de dos meses the work on the building has been going on for over two months;
    cortada por obras [letrero en calle] road closed for repairs;
    cerrado por obras [letrero en restaurante, edificio] closed for refurbishment;
    obras [en carretera] roadworks
    Náut obra muerta freeboard;
    obras públicas public works
    4. [solar en construcción] building site;
    encontró trabajo en una obra he found work on a building site
    5. [trabajo de albañilería]
    un horno de obra a brick oven
    6.
    la Obra the Opus Dei, = traditionalist Roman Catholic organization, whose members include many professional people and public figures
    * * *
    f
    1 work;
    obras completas complete works
    2 ( acción)
    :
    hacer buenas obras do good deeds;
    por obra de thanks to, as a result of;
    poner por o L.Am.
    en obra set in motion;
    ¡manos a la obra! let’s get to work!
    3
    :
    de obra muro, chimenea brick atr
    4
    :
    obras pl de construcción building work sg ; en la vía pública road works
    * * *
    obra nf
    1) : work
    obra de arte: work of art
    obra de teatro: play
    obra de consulta: reference work
    2) : deed
    una buena obra: a good deed
    3) : construction work
    4)
    obra maestra : masterpiece
    5)
    obras públicas : public works
    6)
    por obra de : thanks to, because of
    * * *
    obra n
    1. (artística, literaria) work

    Spanish-English dictionary > obra

  • 7 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 8 llamar

    v.
    1 to call.
    Lisa llamó a su madre Lisa called her mother.
    2 to call, to phone.
    llamar a los bomberos/al médico to call the fire brigade/doctor
    te ha llamado Luis Luis phoned (for you), there was a call from Luis for you
    3 to call (dar nombre, apelativo, apodo).
    me llamó mentiroso he called me a liar
    4 to summon, to call.
    llamar a la huelga to call out on strike
    5 to attract.
    están llamando there's somebody at the door
    7 to phone.
    8 to address as, to call by the title of, to call, to call by the name of.
    Lisa llamó a su madre Lisa called her mother.
    Lisa llamó a Ricardo padre Lisa addressed Richard as father.
    En un bar, un trago llama a otro. In a bar, one drink calls for another one.
    9 to hail.
    Ellos llamaron un taxi They hailed a cab.
    10 to call on the phone, to give a bell, to call, to phone.
    * * *
    1 (gen) to call
    ■ llámalo, creo que no te ha visto call him, I don't think he's seen you
    2 (convocar) to summon
    ■ llueve, mejor que llamemos un taxi it's raining, we'd better call a taxi
    3 (dar nombre) to name
    ■ ¿cómo vais a llamar al niño? what are you going to call the baby?
    4 (atraer) to appeal to
    1 (a la puerta) to knock; (al timbre) to ring; (al teléfono) to ring, call, phone
    ■ ¿quién llama? who's there?
    1 (tener nombre) to be called
    ■ me llamo Juan my name is Juan, I'm called Juan
    \
    llamar a alguien por señas to wave at somebody
    llamar a filas to call up
    llamar a alguien de todo familiar to call somebody everything under the sun
    llamar a la huelga to call out on strike
    llamar por teléfono to call, phone, GB ring, ring up
    * * *
    verb
    3) name
    •
    - llamarse
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=nombrar) to call

    ¿cómo van a llamar al niño? — what are they going to name o call the baby?

    hache
    2) (=considerar) to call

    lo que se dio en llamar la nueva generación — what became known as the new generation, what came to be called the new generation

    3) (=avisar) [+ médico, fontanero] to call; [+ taxi] [por teléfono] to call; [con la mano] to hail

    no te metas donde no te llaman — * don't poke your nose in where it's not wanted *

    • llamar a algn a escena — to call sb to the stage

    • llamar a algn al orden — to call sb to order

    mandar 1., 1)
    4) (Telec) (tb: llamar por teléfono) to call, ring, phone

    que me llamen a las siete — ask them to call o ring o phone me at seven

    te llaman desde París — they're calling you o they're on the phone from Paris

    ¿quién me llama? — who's on the phone?

    5) (=atraer)
    atención 1)
    6) (=convocar) to call, summon frm

    lo llamaron a palacio — he was called o summoned frm to the palace

    Dios lo ha llamado a su lado — euf he has been called to God

    • pronto seremos llamados a las urnas — an election/a referendum will soon be called

    llamado 1., 3)
    2. VI
    1) (Telec) [persona] to call, ring, phone; [teléfono] to ring

    ¿quién llama? — who's calling?

    ha llamado Maribel — Maribel called o rang o phoned

    2) [a la puerta] [con el puño] to knock; [al timbre] to ring

    ¿quién llama? — who's there?, who is it?

    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( hacer venir) <bomberos/policía> to call; < médico> to call (out); <camarero/criada/ascensor> to call; <súbditos/servidores> to summon; < taxi> ( por teléfono) to call; ( en la calle) to hail

    Dios la llamó (a su lado) — (euf) God called her to him (euph)

    su madre lo mandó llamar — (AmL) his mother sent for him

    b) ( instar)

    me sentí llamada a hacerlo — I felt driven o compelled to do it

    2) ( por teléfono) to phone, to call
    3)
    a) ( dar el nombre de) to call, name; (dar el título, apodo de) to call

    lo que se ha dado en llamar... — what has come to be known as...

    b) ( considerar) to call
    2.
    llamar vi
    1) ( con los nudillos) to knock; ( tocar el timbre) to ring (the doorbell)
    2) (Telec) persona to telephone, phone, call; teléfono to ring

    ¿quién llama? — who's calling?

    3) ( gustar) to appeal

    no me/le llaman las pieles — fur coats don't appeal to me/her

    3.
    llamarse v pron to be called

    ¿cómo te llamas? — what's your name?

    ... como que (yo) me llamo Ana —... as sure as my name's Ana

    * * *
    = beckon, call, dub, label, summon, denominate, dial, baptise [baptize, -USA], beckon forth.
    Ex. Some hypnotism beckoned him in, and since he was in no hurry he submitted to it.
    Ex. The creation of a series of entries for inclusion in a catalogue or printed index is an indexing process which must involve some system, which we might call an indexing system.
    Ex. Carlyle Systems Inc has recently issued version 2.1 of their cataloguing input/edit module, dubbed CATIE.
    Ex. Its primer purpose is the finding of specific documents, and consequently this type of catalogue has been labelled a finding list catalogue or an inventory catalogue.
    Ex. All interested parties were summoned to further cooperate for the success of the show.
    Ex. The result of UNESCO's activity has been the growth of mass of international activity accompanied by a daunting array of jargon and initialese aptly denominated by P.J. Judge as 'alphabet soup'.
    Ex. This would herald the age of computer commuting, with customers dialling for bank statements and shopping orders.
    Ex. This article defines a user friendly micro-language, baptized MILAMU, that facilitates both access to these multimedia databases and formulation of multimedia queries = Este artículo explica un microlenguaje de programación, denominado MILAMU, que facilita tanto el acceso a estas bases de datos multimedia como la formulación de enunciados de búsqueda de documentos multimedia.
    Ex. Our academic curriculum and is designed to stimulate, challenge, and beckon forth the best from each student.
    ----
    * el éxito llama al éxito = success breeds success (SBS).
    * llamar a = call in.
    * llamar a cobro revertido = telephone collect, call collect.
    * llamar a filas = draft.
    * llamar a la puerta = knock on + door, rap at + door.
    * llamar al pan pan y al vino vino = call + a spade a spade.
    * llamar al trabajo para excusarse por enfermedad = call in + sick.
    * llamar la atención = call + attention to, conspicuousness, attract + attention, excite + attention, grab + Posesivo + attention, catch + Posesivo + eye, admonish, strike + Posesivo + fancy, capture + the attention, eye + catch, stand out, make + Reflexivo + conspicuous, cut + a dash, seek + attention, make + heads turn, catch + Posesivo + fancy, catch + Posesivo + attention, peak + Posesivo + interest, make + a splash, make + a big noise, hit + home.
    * llamar la atención a Alguien = rap + Nombre + knuckles, censure.
    * llamar la atención de = draw + the attention of.
    * llamar la atención de Alguien = hold + Posesivo + attention.
    * llamar la atención sobre = draw + attention to, pull + Nombre + to, bring + Nombre + into the public eye, raise + awareness, enhance + awareness.
    * llamar las cosas por su nombre = call + a spade a spade.
    * llamarle la atención a Alguien = reprimand, slap + Nombre + down, slap + Nombre + on the wrist.
    * llamar por el busca = bleep.
    * llamar por teléfono = call up.
    * llamarse = refer to as.
    * llamarse así = be so called.
    * llamarse así por = get + Posesivo + name from.
    * para llamar la atención = for effect.
    * que no llama la atención = inconspicuous.
    * sin llamar la atención = inconspicuously.
    * tratar de no llamar la atención = keep + a low profile, lie + low.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( hacer venir) <bomberos/policía> to call; < médico> to call (out); <camarero/criada/ascensor> to call; <súbditos/servidores> to summon; < taxi> ( por teléfono) to call; ( en la calle) to hail

    Dios la llamó (a su lado) — (euf) God called her to him (euph)

    su madre lo mandó llamar — (AmL) his mother sent for him

    b) ( instar)

    me sentí llamada a hacerlo — I felt driven o compelled to do it

    2) ( por teléfono) to phone, to call
    3)
    a) ( dar el nombre de) to call, name; (dar el título, apodo de) to call

    lo que se ha dado en llamar... — what has come to be known as...

    b) ( considerar) to call
    2.
    llamar vi
    1) ( con los nudillos) to knock; ( tocar el timbre) to ring (the doorbell)
    2) (Telec) persona to telephone, phone, call; teléfono to ring

    ¿quién llama? — who's calling?

    3) ( gustar) to appeal

    no me/le llaman las pieles — fur coats don't appeal to me/her

    3.
    llamarse v pron to be called

    ¿cómo te llamas? — what's your name?

    ... como que (yo) me llamo Ana —... as sure as my name's Ana

    * * *
    = beckon, call, dub, label, summon, denominate, dial, baptise [baptize, -USA], beckon forth.

    Ex: Some hypnotism beckoned him in, and since he was in no hurry he submitted to it.

    Ex: The creation of a series of entries for inclusion in a catalogue or printed index is an indexing process which must involve some system, which we might call an indexing system.
    Ex: Carlyle Systems Inc has recently issued version 2.1 of their cataloguing input/edit module, dubbed CATIE.
    Ex: Its primer purpose is the finding of specific documents, and consequently this type of catalogue has been labelled a finding list catalogue or an inventory catalogue.
    Ex: All interested parties were summoned to further cooperate for the success of the show.
    Ex: The result of UNESCO's activity has been the growth of mass of international activity accompanied by a daunting array of jargon and initialese aptly denominated by P.J. Judge as 'alphabet soup'.
    Ex: This would herald the age of computer commuting, with customers dialling for bank statements and shopping orders.
    Ex: This article defines a user friendly micro-language, baptized MILAMU, that facilitates both access to these multimedia databases and formulation of multimedia queries = Este artículo explica un microlenguaje de programación, denominado MILAMU, que facilita tanto el acceso a estas bases de datos multimedia como la formulación de enunciados de búsqueda de documentos multimedia.
    Ex: Our academic curriculum and is designed to stimulate, challenge, and beckon forth the best from each student.
    * el éxito llama al éxito = success breeds success (SBS).
    * llamar a = call in.
    * llamar a cobro revertido = telephone collect, call collect.
    * llamar a filas = draft.
    * llamar a la puerta = knock on + door, rap at + door.
    * llamar al pan pan y al vino vino = call + a spade a spade.
    * llamar al trabajo para excusarse por enfermedad = call in + sick.
    * llamar la atención = call + attention to, conspicuousness, attract + attention, excite + attention, grab + Posesivo + attention, catch + Posesivo + eye, admonish, strike + Posesivo + fancy, capture + the attention, eye + catch, stand out, make + Reflexivo + conspicuous, cut + a dash, seek + attention, make + heads turn, catch + Posesivo + fancy, catch + Posesivo + attention, peak + Posesivo + interest, make + a splash, make + a big noise, hit + home.
    * llamar la atención a Alguien = rap + Nombre + knuckles, censure.
    * llamar la atención de = draw + the attention of.
    * llamar la atención de Alguien = hold + Posesivo + attention.
    * llamar la atención sobre = draw + attention to, pull + Nombre + to, bring + Nombre + into the public eye, raise + awareness, enhance + awareness.
    * llamar las cosas por su nombre = call + a spade a spade.
    * llamarle la atención a Alguien = reprimand, slap + Nombre + down, slap + Nombre + on the wrist.
    * llamar por el busca = bleep.
    * llamar por teléfono = call up.
    * llamarse = refer to as.
    * llamarse así = be so called.
    * llamarse así por = get + Posesivo + name from.
    * para llamar la atención = for effect.
    * que no llama la atención = inconspicuous.
    * sin llamar la atención = inconspicuously.
    * tratar de no llamar la atención = keep + a low profile, lie + low.

    * * *
    llamar [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 (requerir, hacer venir) ‹bomberos/policía› to call; ‹médico› to call, call out; ‹camarero/criada› to call; ‹ascensor› to call; ‹súbditos/servidores› to summon
    llamé un taxi (por teléfono) I called a cab; (por la calle) I hailed a cab
    la llamó a gritos he shouted to her to come
    lo llamó por señas she beckoned to him, she beckoned him over
    Dios la llamó (a su lado) ( euf); God called her to him ( euph)
    el juez lo llamó a declarar the judge called on him to testify
    la madre lo mandó llamar ( AmL); his mother sent for him
    lo llamaron para hacer el servicio militar he was called up for military service
    2 (instar) llamar a algn A algo:
    el sindicato llamó a sus afiliados a la huelga the union called its members out on strike o called upon its members to strike
    se sintió llamado a hacerlo he felt driven o compelled to do it
    B [ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ] ( Telec) (por teléfono) to phone, to call, to call up ( AmE), to ring ( BrE)
    la voy a llamar I'm going to call o phone o ring her, I'm going to call her up, I'm going to give her a call o ring ( BrE)
    te llamó Ernesto Ernesto phoned (for you), Ernesto called (you) o rang
    C
    1 (dar el nombre de) to call, name; (dar el título, apodo de) to call
    los amigos lo llaman Manolo his friends call him Manolo
    la llamó imbécil/de todo he called her an idiot/every name under the sun
    lo que se ha dado en llamar el movimiento postmodernista what has become known o what has come to be known as the postmodernist movement
    2 (considerar) to call
    eso es lo que yo llamo un amigo that's what I call a friend
    D (atraer) to draw
    los llama lo suyo they feel drawn to their roots
    el dinero lo llama mucho he is very interested in money
    ■ llamar
    vi
    A (con los nudillos) to knock; (tocar el timbre) to ring, ring the doorbell
    llaman a la puerta there's someone at the door
    ¿quién llama? who is it?, who's there?
    B ( Telec) «persona» to telephone, phone, call, ring ( BrE); «teléfono» to ring
    ¿quién llama? who's calling?, who's speaking?
    te llamo or te llamaré mañana I'll call you tomorrow
    llámame al celular ( AmL) or móvil ( Esp); call me on my ( AmE) cell phone o ( BrE) mobile
    para más información llame or llámenos al (teléfono) 111-12-20 for more information call us ON o AT 111 12 20
    C (gustar) to appeal
    a mí no me llaman las pieles fur coats don't appeal to me, I don't like fur coats
    to be called
    su padre se llama Pedro his father is called Pedro, his father's name is Pedro
    ¿cómo te llamas? what's your name?
    no sé cómo se llama el libro I don't know what the book's called
    ése acabará en la cárcel como que (yo) me llamo Beatriz he'll end up in prison as sure as my name's Beatriz
    * * *

     

    llamar ( conjugate llamar) verbo transitivo
    1 ‹bomberos/policía› to call;
    ‹ médico› to call (out);
    ‹camarero/criada/ascensor› to call;
    ‹súbditos/servidores› to summon;
    ‹ taxi› ( por teléfono) to call;
    ( en la calle) to hail;

    el sindicato los llamó a la huelga the union called them out on strike
    2 ( por teléfono) to phone, to call;

    llamar a algn al celular (AmL) or (Esp) al móvil to call sb on their cell phone (AmE) o mobile (BrE)
    3

    (dar el título, apodo de) to call


    verbo intransitivo
    1 ( con los nudillos) to knock;
    ( tocar el timbre) to ring (the doorbell);

    2 (Telec) [ persona] to telephone, phone, call;
    [ teléfono] to ring;
    ◊ ¿quién llama? who's calling?;

    ver tb cobro b
    llamarse verbo pronominal
    to be called;

    ¿cómo te llamas? what's your name?
    llamar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 to call
    2 (telefonear) to call up, phone, ring: la llamé esta mañana, I rang her this morning
    3 (suscitar vocación, interés) to appeal
    llamar la atención, to attract attention
    4 (por un nombre de pila) to name
    (por un apodo, mote, diminutivo) to call
    II vi (con los nudillos) to knock
    (con el timbre) to ring

    ' llamar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    atención
    - avisar
    - cantar
    - cobro
    - dejar
    - eh
    - encargarse
    - GEO
    - instancia
    - más
    - molestarse
    - nombre
    - ocurrirse
    - orden
    - palmada
    - pan
    - retraer
    - show
    - sin
    - sudaca
    - timbre
    - titular2
    - tratar
    - amenazar
    - bombero
    - golpear
    - intuir
    - licitar
    - mandar
    - oír
    - puerta
    - tal
    - teléfono
    - tocar
    English:
    alternatively
    - attention
    - attract
    - beckon
    - call
    - call in
    - call out
    - call up
    - collect
    - dispose
    - draw
    - engage
    - entitle
    - eye
    - for
    - get in
    - hail
    - have in
    - knock
    - name
    - ought
    - page
    - reverse
    - ring
    - ring back
    - ring up
    - send for
    - spade
    - telephone
    - certainly
    - conspicuous
    - draft
    - effect
    - get
    - good
    - kind
    - more
    - muster
    - phone
    - radio
    - recall
    - send
    - summon
    - use
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [dirigirse a, hacer venir] to call;
    [con gestos] to beckon;
    llamó por señas/con la mano al camarero she beckoned to the waiter;
    llamar a alguien a voces to shout to sb to come over;
    llamar al ascensor to call the Br lift o US elevator;
    llamar (a) un taxi [en la calle] to hail a cab;
    [por teléfono] to call for a taxi
    2. [por teléfono] to phone, to call, Br to ring;
    [con el buscapersonas] to page;
    llamar a los bomberos/al médico to call the fire brigade/doctor;
    te llamo mañana I'll call o Br ring you tomorrow;
    te ha llamado Luis Luis phoned (for you), there was a call from Luis for you;
    te han llamado de la oficina there was a call from the office for you;
    ¿quién lo/la llama, por favor? who's calling, please?
    3. [dar nombre, apelativo, apodo] to call;
    ¿ya sabes cómo vas a llamar al perro? have you decided what you're going to call the dog yet?;
    me llamó mentiroso she called me a liar;
    fue lo que se dio en llamar la Guerra de los Seis Días it was what came to be known as the Six Day War;
    ¿a eso llamas tú un jardín? do you call that a garden?;
    eso es lo que yo llamo un buen negocio that's what I call a good deal;
    es un aparato para el aire, un humidificador, que lo llaman it's a device for making the air more humid, a humidifier as they call it o as it is known
    4. [convocar] to summon, to call;
    el jefe me llamó a su despacho the boss summoned o called me to his office;
    la han llamado para una entrevista de trabajo she's got an interview for a job;
    lo llamaron a filas he was called up, US he got drafted;
    llamar a los trabajadores a la huelga to call the workers out (on strike);
    llamar a alguien a juicio to call sb to trial
    5. [atraer] to attract;
    nunca me han llamado los deportes de invierno I've never been attracted o drawn to winter sports
    ♦ vi
    1. [a la puerta] [con golpes] to knock;
    [con timbre] to ring;
    llamar a la puerta [con golpes] to knock on the door;
    están llamando there's somebody at the door;
    por favor, llamen antes de entrar [en letrero] please knock/ring before entering
    2. [por teléfono] to phone
    * * *
    I v/t call; TELEC call, Br tb
    ring
    II v/i TELEC call, Br tb
    ring;
    llamar a la puerta knock at the door; con timbre ring the bell;
    llaman (a la puerta) there’s someone at the door;
    el fútbol no me llama nada football doesn’t appeal to me in the slightest
    * * *
    llamar vt
    1) : to name, to call
    2) : to call, to summon
    3) : to phone, to call up
    * * *
    llamar vb
    1. (en general) to call
    ¿me has llamado? did you call me?
    si es niño, le llamarán Ignacio if it's a boy, they'll call him Ignacio
    2. (telefonear) to phone / to call
    3. (a la puerta) to knock
    4. (al timbre) to ring [pt. rang; pp. rung]

    Spanish-English dictionary > llamar

  • 9 mercado

    m.
    1 market.
    mercado de abastos wholesale food market
    mercado bursátil stock market
    el mercado Común Common Market
    mercado de divisas currency market
    mercado exterior foreign market
    mercado financiero financial market
    mercado inmobiliario housing o property market
    mercado interbancario interbank market
    mercado interior domestic market
    mercado laboral labor market
    mercado libre free market
    mercado monetario money market
    mercado negro black market
    mercado de trabajo job market
    mercado único single market
    mercado Único Europeo European Single Market
    2 marketplace, mart, market, market place.
    3 market town.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: mercar.
    * * *
    1 market
    \
    mercado bursátil stock market
    Mercado Común Common Market
    mercado de abastos wholesale food market
    mercado de trabajo job market
    mercado de valores stock market
    mercado negro black market
    * * *
    noun m.
    2) fair
    * * *

    mercado de divisas — currency market, foreign exchange market

    mercado de trabajo — labour o (EEUU) labor market

    mercado exterior — foreign market, overseas market

    mercado laboral — labour o (EEUU) labor market

    mercado persa — Cono Sur cut-price store

    * * *
    1) ( plaza) market

    ir al mercado or (Col, Méx) hacer el mercado — to go to market

    2) (Com, Econ, Fin) market

    el mercado nacional/extranjero — the domestic/overseas market

    un mercado alcista/bajista — a rising/falling market

    •
    * * *
    = market, marketplace [market place], niche, target market, consumer market, market area.
    Ex. They have some very distinct advantages over more usual indexing techniques, and these are likely to assure citation indexes a place in the information market.
    Ex. These new course programmes will add on desirable new skills to those they already possess to fit them for employment in the information market place.
    Ex. This article describes the development and products of the company Farallon Computing which found a niche and expanded it to include a number of applications and products that people need.
    Ex. The number of copies are fixed in advance on the basis of a known target market, and are distributed by the sales network.
    Ex. Pornography will be a key factor in the sustained growth of the consumer market for CD-ROM databases.
    Ex. This is the result of a large company's process of business diversification based on the use of new technologies and the extension of its market area into Europe.
    ----
    * abrir el mercado = open up + market.
    * abrir nuevos mercados = branch out (into), branch into.
    * acaparar el mercado = dominate + the scene, corner + the market.
    * amañar el mercado = rig + the market.
    * analista de mercado = business researcher.
    * aprovecharse del mercado = skim + the market.
    * base de datos dirigida a un mercado específico = niche database.
    * con salida al mercado = due out.
    * crear un mercado para = produce + a market for.
    * cuota de mercado = market share, mindshare.
    * demanda de mercado = market demand.
    * de mercado = marketing.
    * de venta en el mercado = commercially available.
    * división del mercado por grupos de consumidores = market segmentation.
    * economía de mercado = market economy, market economics.
    * especializado en un mercado concreto = niche.
    * estudio de mercado = market survey, market research, marketing audit, consumer research.
    * investigación de mercado = market research, consumer research.
    * investigador de mercado = market researcher, market research worker.
    * lanzar al mercado = ship.
    * lanzarse al mercado = hit + the streets.
    * liberalizar el mercado = deregulate + market, liberalise + market.
    * libre mercado = free market.
    * líder del mercado = market leader.
    * lugar en el mercado de venta = market niche.
    * madurez del mercado = market maturity.
    * manipular el mercado = rig + the market.
    * mercado al aire libre = street market, open-air market.
    * mercado bibliotecario, el = library market, the.
    * mercado bursátil = stock exchange, stock market, share market.
    * mercado comercial = commercial market.
    * Mercado Común, el = Common Market, the.
    * mercado corporativo = corporate market.
    * mercado de abastos = public market.
    * mercado de capitales = financial market, capital market.
    * mercado de la educación = education market, educational market.
    * mercado de la empresa = corporate market.
    * mercado de la información = information market place, information market.
    * mercado de la propiedad = property market.
    * mercado de las microformas, el = microform market, the.
    * mercado del libro, el = book market, the.
    * mercado del turismo = tourist market.
    * mercado de masas = consumer market.
    * mercado de masas, el = mass market, the.
    * mercado de materias primas, el = commodity market, the.
    * mercado de suministro de documentos = document supply market.
    * mercado de telefonía móvil = mobile telephone market.
    * mercado de trabajo = labour market, job market.
    * mercado de trabajo, el = employment market, the.
    * mercado de valores = stock market, share market, securities market.
    * mercado doméstico = domestic market.
    * mercado editorial = book trade [booktrade].
    * mercado educativo = education market, educational market.
    * mercado empresarial = corporate market.
    * mercado específico = niche market.
    * mercado financiero = financial market, financial exchange.
    * mercado inmobiliario = property market.
    * mercado inmobiliario de alquiler = rented housing market.
    * mercado inmobiliario, el = housing market, the.
    * mercado internacional = international trade, international market.
    * mercado interno = internal market.
    * mercado laboral = labour market, job market.
    * mercado laboral, el = employment market, the.
    * mercado libre = free market, open market, free-for-all.
    * mercado mundial = global market, world market.
    * mercado naciente = emerging market.
    * mercado nacional = home market, domestic market.
    * mercado negro = black market.
    * mercado público = public market.
    * mercado tradicional = traditional market.
    * mercado turístico = tourist market.
    * mercado único = single market.
    * Mercado Unico Europeo = Single European Market.
    * monopolizar el mercado = corner + the market.
    * orientado hacia el mercado = market-orientated [market orientated], market-oriented [market oriented].
    * para todo el mercado = industry-wide.
    * penetración de mercado = market penetration.
    * plaza del mercado = market square.
    * población con mercado ambulante = market town, market centre.
    * regido por el mercado = market led [market-led], market-driven.
    * regulador del mercado = market regulator.
    * retirar del mercado = withdraw from + sale, take off + the market.
    * sacar acciones al mercado = go + public.
    * sacar al mercado = bring to + market.
    * saturación del mercado = market saturation.
    * segmento de mercado = market segment.
    * sistema de mercado = market system.
    * técnica de mercado = merchandising technique.
    * * *
    1) ( plaza) market

    ir al mercado or (Col, Méx) hacer el mercado — to go to market

    2) (Com, Econ, Fin) market

    el mercado nacional/extranjero — the domestic/overseas market

    un mercado alcista/bajista — a rising/falling market

    •
    * * *
    = market, marketplace [market place], niche, target market, consumer market, market area.

    Ex: They have some very distinct advantages over more usual indexing techniques, and these are likely to assure citation indexes a place in the information market.

    Ex: These new course programmes will add on desirable new skills to those they already possess to fit them for employment in the information market place.
    Ex: This article describes the development and products of the company Farallon Computing which found a niche and expanded it to include a number of applications and products that people need.
    Ex: The number of copies are fixed in advance on the basis of a known target market, and are distributed by the sales network.
    Ex: Pornography will be a key factor in the sustained growth of the consumer market for CD-ROM databases.
    Ex: This is the result of a large company's process of business diversification based on the use of new technologies and the extension of its market area into Europe.
    * abrir el mercado = open up + market.
    * abrir nuevos mercados = branch out (into), branch into.
    * acaparar el mercado = dominate + the scene, corner + the market.
    * amañar el mercado = rig + the market.
    * analista de mercado = business researcher.
    * aprovecharse del mercado = skim + the market.
    * base de datos dirigida a un mercado específico = niche database.
    * con salida al mercado = due out.
    * crear un mercado para = produce + a market for.
    * cuota de mercado = market share, mindshare.
    * demanda de mercado = market demand.
    * de mercado = marketing.
    * de venta en el mercado = commercially available.
    * división del mercado por grupos de consumidores = market segmentation.
    * economía de mercado = market economy, market economics.
    * especializado en un mercado concreto = niche.
    * estudio de mercado = market survey, market research, marketing audit, consumer research.
    * investigación de mercado = market research, consumer research.
    * investigador de mercado = market researcher, market research worker.
    * lanzar al mercado = ship.
    * lanzarse al mercado = hit + the streets.
    * liberalizar el mercado = deregulate + market, liberalise + market.
    * libre mercado = free market.
    * líder del mercado = market leader.
    * lugar en el mercado de venta = market niche.
    * madurez del mercado = market maturity.
    * manipular el mercado = rig + the market.
    * mercado al aire libre = street market, open-air market.
    * mercado bibliotecario, el = library market, the.
    * mercado bursátil = stock exchange, stock market, share market.
    * mercado comercial = commercial market.
    * Mercado Común, el = Common Market, the.
    * mercado corporativo = corporate market.
    * mercado de abastos = public market.
    * mercado de capitales = financial market, capital market.
    * mercado de la educación = education market, educational market.
    * mercado de la empresa = corporate market.
    * mercado de la información = information market place, information market.
    * mercado de la propiedad = property market.
    * mercado de las microformas, el = microform market, the.
    * mercado del libro, el = book market, the.
    * mercado del turismo = tourist market.
    * mercado de masas = consumer market.
    * mercado de masas, el = mass market, the.
    * mercado de materias primas, el = commodity market, the.
    * mercado de suministro de documentos = document supply market.
    * mercado de telefonía móvil = mobile telephone market.
    * mercado de trabajo = labour market, job market.
    * mercado de trabajo, el = employment market, the.
    * mercado de valores = stock market, share market, securities market.
    * mercado doméstico = domestic market.
    * mercado editorial = book trade [booktrade].
    * mercado educativo = education market, educational market.
    * mercado empresarial = corporate market.
    * mercado específico = niche market.
    * mercado financiero = financial market, financial exchange.
    * mercado inmobiliario = property market.
    * mercado inmobiliario de alquiler = rented housing market.
    * mercado inmobiliario, el = housing market, the.
    * mercado internacional = international trade, international market.
    * mercado interno = internal market.
    * mercado laboral = labour market, job market.
    * mercado laboral, el = employment market, the.
    * mercado libre = free market, open market, free-for-all.
    * mercado mundial = global market, world market.
    * mercado naciente = emerging market.
    * mercado nacional = home market, domestic market.
    * mercado negro = black market.
    * mercado público = public market.
    * mercado tradicional = traditional market.
    * mercado turístico = tourist market.
    * mercado único = single market.
    * Mercado Unico Europeo = Single European Market.
    * monopolizar el mercado = corner + the market.
    * orientado hacia el mercado = market-orientated [market orientated], market-oriented [market oriented].
    * para todo el mercado = industry-wide.
    * penetración de mercado = market penetration.
    * plaza del mercado = market square.
    * población con mercado ambulante = market town, market centre.
    * regido por el mercado = market led [market-led], market-driven.
    * regulador del mercado = market regulator.
    * retirar del mercado = withdraw from + sale, take off + the market.
    * sacar acciones al mercado = go + public.
    * sacar al mercado = bring to + market.
    * saturación del mercado = market saturation.
    * segmento de mercado = market segment.
    * sistema de mercado = market system.
    * técnica de mercado = merchandising technique.

    * * *
    A (plaza) market
    ir al mercadoor (Col, Méx) hacer el mercado to go to market
    día de mercado market day
    libre1 (↑ libre (1))
    Compuestos:
    ● mercado de abastos or ( RPl) de abasto
    ( Méx) flea market
    ● mercado de las pulgas or ( AmL) de pulgas
    flea market
    (CS) bazaar, street market
    B ( Com, Econ, Fin) market
    el mercado del petróleo the oil market
    inundan el mercado con sus productos they are flooding o swamping the market with their products
    el mercado nacional the domestic market
    el nuevo modelo ya salió al mercado the new model is available o on sale now, the new model is now on the market
    no hay mercado para ese producto there's no market for that product
    un mercado alcista a rising o bull market
    un mercado bajista a falling o bear market
    Compuestos:
    foreign exchange market
    ( Hist): el Mercado Común the Common Market
    capital market
    money market
    foreign exchange market
    futures market
    commodities market
    labor* market
    stock market
    emerging market
    niche market
    aftermarket, after-hours market
    labor* market
    money market
    world market
    black market
    niche market
    ( esp AmL period) parallel market, gray* market
    secondary market
    single (European) market
    vertical market
    * * *

     

    Del verbo mercar: ( conjugate mercar)

    mercado es:

    el participio

    mercado sustantivo masculino
    market;
    ir al mercado or (Col, Méx) hacer el mercado to go to market;

    mercado de (las) pulgas flea market;
    mercado persa (CS) bazaar, street market;
    el mercado del petróleo the oil market;
    salir al mercado to come onto the market;
    el Mmercado Común the Common Market;
    mercado de divisas foreign exchange market;
    mercado de trabajo job market;
    mercado negro black market;
    mercado paralelo parallel market
    mercado sustantivo masculino market
    mercado de trabajo, labour market
    mercado nacional/negro, domestic/black market

    ' mercado' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abasto
    - abierta
    - abierto
    - abrir
    - CNMV
    - duda
    - economía
    - estudio
    - hormiguear
    - nacional
    - negra
    - negro
    - plaza
    - prospección
    - rastro
    - segmento
    - tejemaneje
    - tendencia
    - alcista
    - artesanía
    - barato
    - barrio
    - bazar
    - conquistar
    - estudiar
    - feria
    - hueco
    - libre
    - lonja
    - marchante
    - mundial
    - municipal
    - parada
    - pasar
    - puesto
    - regir
    - salir
    - único
    - vendedor
    - vuelco
    English:
    AMEX
    - arm's length
    - bazaar
    - bottom
    - bullish
    - buoyancy
    - buoyant
    - come out
    - commodity
    - consumer research
    - corner
    - depress
    - depressed
    - dump
    - economy
    - equip
    - future
    - LIBOR
    - market
    - market demand
    - market forces
    - market price
    - market research
    - market share
    - market stall
    - marketplace
    - money market
    - niche
    - open
    - open up
    - out
    - outlet
    - penetrate
    - recall
    - slack
    - stall
    - stand
    - tap
    - target market
    - withdraw
    - black
    - bring
    - common
    - field
    - flea
    - flood
    - inroads
    - muscle
    - release
    - shopping
    * * *
    1. [lugar] market
    RP mercado de abasto wholesale market;
    mercado de abastos wholesale market;
    mercado al aire libre open-air market;
    mercado de ganado cattle market;
    mercado mayorista wholesale market;
    Chile mercado persa flea market; RP Fam
    ser un mercado persa to be a mess;
    Méx mercado sobre ruedas street market
    2. Com & Fin mercado alcista bull market;
    mercado al alza bull market;
    mercado a la baja bear market;
    mercado bajista bear market;
    mercado bursátil stock market;
    mercado de cambios currency market, foreign exchange market;
    mercado de capitales capital market;
    mercado común Common Market;
    Mercado Común Centroamericano Central Amercan Common Market, = Central American economic community formed by Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua;
    Antes Mercado Común Europeo European Common Market;
    Mercado Común del Sur MERCOSUR, = South American economic community consisting of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay;
    mercado continuo continuous market;
    mercado de divisas currency market, foreign exchange market;
    mercado exterior foreign market;
    mercados financieros financial markets;
    mercado de futuros futures market;
    mercado global global marketplace;
    mercado inmobiliario housing market, property market;
    mercado interbancario interbank market;
    mercado interior domestic market;
    mercado laboral labour market;
    mercado libre free market;
    mercado de materias primas commodity market;
    mercado monetario money market;
    mercado mundial global marketplace;
    mercado nacional domestic market;
    mercado negro black market;
    Am mercado paralelo parallel market;
    mercado de trabajo labour o job market;
    UE mercado único single market;
    mercado de valores securities market
    * * *
    m market;
    abrir nuevos mercados open up new markets
    * * *
    : market
    mercado de trabajo: or
    mercado laboral: labor market
    mercado de valores: or
    mercado bursátil: stock market
    * * *
    mercado n market

    Spanish-English dictionary > mercado

  • 10 posible

    adj.
    possible.
    es posible que llueva it could rain
    dentro de lo posible, en lo posible as far as possible
    de ser posible if possible
    hacer posible to make possible
    hacer (todo) lo posible to do everything possible
    lo antes posible as soon as possible
    ¿cómo es posible que no me lo hayas dicho antes? how could you possibly not have told me before?
    ¡será posible! I can't believe this!
    ¡no es posible! surely not!
    * * *
    1 possible
    1 (dinero) means
    \
    de ser posible if possible
    hacer todo lo posible to do one's best
    * * *
    adj.
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) [opción, solución] possible

    un posible comprador — a possible o potential buyer

    • hacer algo posible — to make sth possible

    • entra dentro de lo posible — it is within the bounds of possibility

    • en la medida de lo posible — as far as possible, insofar as possible frm

    • haremos todo lo posible por evitarlo — we shall do everything possible o all we can to avoid it

    2)

    • es posible — (=probable, permitido) it is possible; (=realizable) it is feasible

    -¿crees que vendrá? -es posible — "do you think he'll come?" - "possibly o he might o it's possible"

    ¡eso no es posible! — it can't be!, that's not possible!

    • es posible hacer algo — it is possible to do sth

    ¿sería posible comprar todavía las entradas? — would it still be possible to buy tickets?

    • es posible que + subjun —

    es posible que no pueda ir — I might o may not be able to go

    es muy posible que vuelva tarde — it's quite possible that I'll be back late, I may well be back late

    • a o de ser posible — if possible

    • si es posible — if possible

    si es posible, me gustaría verlo — I'd like to see him if possible

    le ruego que, si le es posible, acuda a la reunión — please come to the meeting if you possibly can

    si me fuera posible, te lo diría — if I could o if it were possible, I would tell you

    - ¿será posible?

    ¡pues sí que eres descarado! ¿será posible? — I can't believe you are so cheeky!

    ¿será posible que no haya venido? — I can't believe he hasn't come!

    2.
    ADV

    • lo más... posible — as... as possible

    mejor 1., 2), c)
    3.
    SMPL Esp means
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo possible

    ¿crees que ganará? - es posible — do you think he'll win? - he might (do) o it's possible

    a ser posible or (CS) de ser posible — if possible

    haré lo posible por or para ayudarte — I'll do what I can to help you

    prometió ayudarlo dentro de lo posible or en lo posible or en la medida de lo posible — she promised to do what she could to help (him)

    será posible! — (fam) I don't believe this! (colloq)

    ¿que se ha casado? no es posible! — he's got(ten) married? I don't believe it! o that can't be true! (colloq)

    ser posible — (+ me/te/le etc)

    ser posible + INF — to be possible to + inf

    no fue posible avisarles — it was impossible to let them know; (+ me/te/le etc)

    ¿le sería posible recibirme hoy? — would you be able to see me today?

    ser posible QUE + SUBJ: es posible que sea cierto it might o may o could be true; es posible que se haya perdido it may have got(ten) lost; ¿será posible que no lo sepa? — surely she must know!

    II
    * * *
    = eligible, feasible, manageable, possible, potential, prospective, viable, would-be + Nombre, conceivable, plausible, candidate, realisable [realizable, -USA], satisfiable, doable, likely.
    Ex. And yet, everyone knows that historically only a very small portion of the eligible users have ever crossed the threshold of a public library.
    Ex. Other words which might be feasible access points in a general index prove worthless in an index devoted to a special subject area.
    Ex. In simple terms, the essence of subject organisation is the division of literature (or references to literature) into manageable, or scannable categories, with each category being associated with an index term.
    Ex. Various modes of operation are possible for such a journal, and the precise operation will depend upon the type of information being conveyed.
    Ex. The system permits the requester to specify up to five potential lending libraries, and the system transmits the requests to these libraries one at a time.
    Ex. The advocacy of title entry for serials implies an ideology which focuses on the publication as the principal object of interest of the prospective library user rather than the work conveyed by the book or publication.
    Ex. With printed thesauri there are limits on space, if the publication is to be economically viable, and easy to handle.
    Ex. The only viable alternatives open to would-be users are to produce or commission the production of custom-made application programs.
    Ex. This article emphasises the importance of a preservation plan that includes ways of dealing with every conceivable type of disaster a library might experience.
    Ex. This incompleteness of search and retrieval therefore makes possible, and plausible, the existence of undiscovered public knowledge.
    Ex. A thesaurus developed with such a module can support the addition of candidate terms to the thesaurus during the indexing process.
    Ex. Barbara Tillett's vision of one seamless bibliographic system, either real or virtual, looks realizable over a 5 to 10 year horizon.
    Ex. The result is a pair of overlapping sets of sufficient conditions for autonomy that are argued to be satisfiable by real human agents.
    Ex. This has opened up issues of what is & is not thinkable &, therefore, doable in the present conjuncture of crisis & instability.
    Ex. The most likely causes of brain damage among low birthweight infants are prematurity and infections, not oxygen starvation.
    ----
    * al mejor precio posible = at the best possible price.
    * arreglárselas lo mejor posible = make + the best of things.
    * arreglarse lo mejor posible = look + Posesivo + best.
    * a ser posible = if possible.
    * candidato posible = eligible party.
    * considerar como posible = entertain as + a possibility.
    * cuando antes + Pronombre + sea posible = at + Posesivo + earliest convenience.
    * de la mejor forma posible = to the best of + Posesivo + ability.
    * de la mejor manera posible = to the best of + Posesivo + ability.
    * del mejor modo posible = to the best of + Posesivo + ability.
    * dentro de lo posible = as far as possible.
    * durante tanto tiempo como sea posible = for as long as possible.
    * en las mejores condiciones posibles = in the best possible conditions.
    * hacer Algo posible = make + provision for.
    * hacer posible = provide for, make + possible, provide + a basis for, make + an opportunity.
    * hacer posible el crecimiento = accommodate + growth.
    * hacer todo lo posible = do + Posesivo + best, pull out + all the stops, do + the best + Nombre + may, do + the best + Nombre + can, try + hard, try + Posesivo + best, try + Posesivo + heart out, work + hard, give + Posesivo + best.
    * hacer todo lo posible (dado) = do + the best possible (with).
    * hacer todo lo posible para = every effort + be + made to.
    * hacer todo lo posible por = go to + any lengths to, go to + great lengths to, endeavour [endeavor, -USA], take + (great) pains to.
    * hasta donde es posible = as far as possible.
    * hasta donde sea posible = as far as possible.
    * lo mejor posible = to the best of + Posesivo + ability, at + Posesivo + (very) best, optimally.
    * lo menos posible = as little as possible.
    * posible comprador = suitor.
    * posible de ser consultado por máquina = machine-viewable.
    * posible de ser visto en pantalla = displayable.
    * sacar el mejor partido posible = get + the best of both worlds, get + the best of all worlds.
    * ser posible la coexistencia entre... = there + be + room for both....
    * ser posible (que) = be likely (to).
    * siempre que + ser + posible = whenever possible, when possible.
    * si eso no es posible = failing that/these.
    * si es posible = if possible.
    * si + ser + posible = when possible, whenever possible.
    * tan pronto como + Pronombre + sea posible = at + Posesivo + earliest convenience.
    * tan pronto como sea posible = as soon as possible (asap).
    * tanto como sea posible = as far as possible.
    * tener el mejor aspecto posible = look + Posesivo + best.
    * tener solución posible = be soluble.
    * todo es posible = all bets are off, the sky is the limit.
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo possible

    ¿crees que ganará? - es posible — do you think he'll win? - he might (do) o it's possible

    a ser posible or (CS) de ser posible — if possible

    haré lo posible por or para ayudarte — I'll do what I can to help you

    prometió ayudarlo dentro de lo posible or en lo posible or en la medida de lo posible — she promised to do what she could to help (him)

    será posible! — (fam) I don't believe this! (colloq)

    ¿que se ha casado? no es posible! — he's got(ten) married? I don't believe it! o that can't be true! (colloq)

    ser posible — (+ me/te/le etc)

    ser posible + INF — to be possible to + inf

    no fue posible avisarles — it was impossible to let them know; (+ me/te/le etc)

    ¿le sería posible recibirme hoy? — would you be able to see me today?

    ser posible QUE + SUBJ: es posible que sea cierto it might o may o could be true; es posible que se haya perdido it may have got(ten) lost; ¿será posible que no lo sepa? — surely she must know!

    II
    * * *
    = eligible, feasible, manageable, possible, potential, prospective, viable, would-be + Nombre, conceivable, plausible, candidate, realisable [realizable, -USA], satisfiable, doable, likely.

    Ex: And yet, everyone knows that historically only a very small portion of the eligible users have ever crossed the threshold of a public library.

    Ex: Other words which might be feasible access points in a general index prove worthless in an index devoted to a special subject area.
    Ex: In simple terms, the essence of subject organisation is the division of literature (or references to literature) into manageable, or scannable categories, with each category being associated with an index term.
    Ex: Various modes of operation are possible for such a journal, and the precise operation will depend upon the type of information being conveyed.
    Ex: The system permits the requester to specify up to five potential lending libraries, and the system transmits the requests to these libraries one at a time.
    Ex: The advocacy of title entry for serials implies an ideology which focuses on the publication as the principal object of interest of the prospective library user rather than the work conveyed by the book or publication.
    Ex: With printed thesauri there are limits on space, if the publication is to be economically viable, and easy to handle.
    Ex: The only viable alternatives open to would-be users are to produce or commission the production of custom-made application programs.
    Ex: This article emphasises the importance of a preservation plan that includes ways of dealing with every conceivable type of disaster a library might experience.
    Ex: This incompleteness of search and retrieval therefore makes possible, and plausible, the existence of undiscovered public knowledge.
    Ex: A thesaurus developed with such a module can support the addition of candidate terms to the thesaurus during the indexing process.
    Ex: Barbara Tillett's vision of one seamless bibliographic system, either real or virtual, looks realizable over a 5 to 10 year horizon.
    Ex: The result is a pair of overlapping sets of sufficient conditions for autonomy that are argued to be satisfiable by real human agents.
    Ex: This has opened up issues of what is & is not thinkable &, therefore, doable in the present conjuncture of crisis & instability.
    Ex: The most likely causes of brain damage among low birthweight infants are prematurity and infections, not oxygen starvation.
    * al mejor precio posible = at the best possible price.
    * arreglárselas lo mejor posible = make + the best of things.
    * arreglarse lo mejor posible = look + Posesivo + best.
    * a ser posible = if possible.
    * candidato posible = eligible party.
    * considerar como posible = entertain as + a possibility.
    * cuando antes + Pronombre + sea posible = at + Posesivo + earliest convenience.
    * de la mejor forma posible = to the best of + Posesivo + ability.
    * de la mejor manera posible = to the best of + Posesivo + ability.
    * del mejor modo posible = to the best of + Posesivo + ability.
    * dentro de lo posible = as far as possible.
    * durante tanto tiempo como sea posible = for as long as possible.
    * en las mejores condiciones posibles = in the best possible conditions.
    * hacer Algo posible = make + provision for.
    * hacer posible = provide for, make + possible, provide + a basis for, make + an opportunity.
    * hacer posible el crecimiento = accommodate + growth.
    * hacer todo lo posible = do + Posesivo + best, pull out + all the stops, do + the best + Nombre + may, do + the best + Nombre + can, try + hard, try + Posesivo + best, try + Posesivo + heart out, work + hard, give + Posesivo + best.
    * hacer todo lo posible (dado) = do + the best possible (with).
    * hacer todo lo posible para = every effort + be + made to.
    * hacer todo lo posible por = go to + any lengths to, go to + great lengths to, endeavour [endeavor, -USA], take + (great) pains to.
    * hasta donde es posible = as far as possible.
    * hasta donde sea posible = as far as possible.
    * lo mejor posible = to the best of + Posesivo + ability, at + Posesivo + (very) best, optimally.
    * lo menos posible = as little as possible.
    * posible comprador = suitor.
    * posible de ser consultado por máquina = machine-viewable.
    * posible de ser visto en pantalla = displayable.
    * sacar el mejor partido posible = get + the best of both worlds, get + the best of all worlds.
    * ser posible la coexistencia entre... = there + be + room for both....
    * ser posible (que) = be likely (to).
    * siempre que + ser + posible = whenever possible, when possible.
    * si eso no es posible = failing that/these.
    * si es posible = if possible.
    * si + ser + posible = when possible, whenever possible.
    * tan pronto como + Pronombre + sea posible = at + Posesivo + earliest convenience.
    * tan pronto como sea posible = as soon as possible (asap).
    * tanto como sea posible = as far as possible.
    * tener el mejor aspecto posible = look + Posesivo + best.
    * tener solución posible = be soluble.
    * todo es posible = all bets are off, the sky is the limit.

    * * *
    possible
    ¿crees que se lo darán? — es posible do you think they'll give it to him? — they might (do) o it's possible
    su cambio de actitud hizo posible el diálogo his change of attitude made the talks possible, the talks were made possible by his change of attitude
    hazlo cuanto antes, hoy, a ser posible or (CS) de ser posible do it as soon as you can, today, if possible
    haré lo posible por or para ayudarte I'll do what I can to help you
    hicieron todo lo posible they did everything possible o everything they could
    prometió ayudarlo dentro de lo posible or en lo posible or en la medida de lo posible she promised to help him insofar as she was able ( frml), she promised to do what she could to help (him)
    ¿que te preste más dinero? ¿será posible? ( fam); you want me to lend you more money? I don't believe this! ( colloq)
    ¿que se ha casado? ¡no es posible! he's got(ten) married? I don't believe it! o that can't be true! o surely not! ( colloq)
    evitó una posible tragedia he averted a possible o potential tragedy
    llegó con posibles fracturas he arrived with suspected fractures
    ser posible (+ me/te/le etc): llámame en cuanto te sea posible call me as soon as you can
    ven antes si te es posible come earlier if you can
    no creo que me sea posible I don't think I'll be able to
    ser posible + INF to be possible to + INF
    es posible encontrarlo más barato it's possible to find it cheaper
    no fue posible avisarles it was impossible to let them know, there was no way of letting them know, we were unable to let them know
    (+ me/te/le etc): no me fue posible terminarlo I wasn't able to finish it, I couldn't finish it
    ¿le sería posible recibirme hoy? would it be possible for you to see me today?, would you be able to see me today?, could you see me today?
    ser posible QUE + SUBJ:
    ¿y tú, te lo crees? — es posible que sea cierto what about you, do you believe that? — well it might o may o could be true
    es posible que se haya roto en tránsito it may have got(ten) broken in transit
    ¿será posible que no se haya enterado? can it be possible that she hasn't found out?, can she really not have found out?, surely she must have found out!
    ¿será posible que te atrevas a hablarme así? how dare you speak to me like that?
    deben ser lo más breves posible they should be as brief as possible
    envíemelo lo más pronto posible send it to me as soon as possible
    intenta hacerlo lo mejor posible try to do it as well as you can o the best you can
    ponlo lo más alto posible put it as high as possible
    * * *

     

    posible adjetivo
    possible;

    a ser posible or si es posible if possible;
    hicieron todo lo posible they did everything possible o everything they could;
    prometió ayudarlo dentro de lo posible or en lo posible she promised to do what she could to help (him);
    ¡no es posible! that can't be true! (colloq);
    en cuanto te sea posible as soon as you can;
    no creo que me sea posible I don't think I'll be able to;
    es posible hacerlo más rápido it's possible to do it more quickly;
    no me fue posible terminarlo I wasn't able to finish it;
    es posible que sea cierto it might o may o could be true
    ■ adverbio: lo más pronto posible as soon as possible;
    lo mejor posible the best you can
    posible
    I adjetivo possible: no me será posible viajar a Perú, it won't be possible for me to go to Peru
    II mpl posibles, means
    ♦ Locuciones: hacer todo lo posible, to do everything one can
    dentro de lo posible, as far as possible

    ' posible' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    antes
    - brevedad
    - caber
    - comunicar
    - contienda
    - contingencia
    - contingente
    - deber
    - dinamitar
    - humanamente
    - justificación
    - mínima
    - mínimo
    - normalización
    - permitir
    - poder
    - probable
    - virtual
    - eventual
    - hacer
    - lo
    - mayor
    - medida
    - menor
    - menos
    - potencial
    - pronto
    English:
    aim
    - arbitration
    - bend
    - best
    - beyond
    - blow
    - cancel out
    - cheap
    - dispose of
    - do
    - effort
    - eventual
    - every
    - explanation
    - failing
    - far
    - job
    - length
    - lung
    - much
    - possible
    - potential
    - prospective
    - should
    - soliciting
    - spin out
    - try
    - utmost
    - well
    - anything
    - bound
    - can
    - escape
    - feasible
    - get
    - level
    - look
    - manageable
    - mobile
    - most
    - please
    - preferably
    - probable
    - prospect
    - soon
    - surely
    - suspect
    - that
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    possible;
    es posible que llueva it could rain;
    es posible que sea así that might be the case;
    ¿llegarás a tiempo? – es posible will you arrive in time? – possibly o I may do;
    ven lo antes posible come as soon as possible;
    dentro de lo posible, en lo posible as far as possible;
    dentro de lo posible intenta no hacer ruido as far as possible, try not to make any noise;
    a o [m5] de ser posible if possible;
    hacer posible to make possible;
    su intervención hizo posible el acuerdo his intervention made the agreement possible;
    hacer (todo) lo posible to do everything possible;
    hicieron todo lo posible por salvar su vida they did everything possible to save his life;
    lo antes posible as soon as possible;
    ¿cómo es posible que no me lo hayas dicho antes? how could you possibly not have told me before?;
    no creo que nos sea posible visitaros I don't think we'll be able to visit you;
    ¡será posible! I can't believe this!;
    ¿será posible que nadie le haya dicho nada? can it be true that nobody told her anything about it?;
    ¡no es posible! surely not!
    ♦ posibles nmpl
    (financial) means
    * * *
    I adj possible;
    en lo posible as far as possible;
    hacer posible make possible;
    hacer todo lo posible do everything possible;
    es posible que … perhaps …;
    es muy posible que it’s very possible that;
    ¿será posible? fam I don’t believe it! fam
    II mpl posibles: means pl ;
    con posibles well-off, well-to-do
    * * *
    posible adj
    : possible
    ♦ posiblemente adv
    * * *
    posible adj possible
    ser posible may / might
    ¿será posible? I don't believe it!

    Spanish-English dictionary > posible

  • 11 extenso

    adj.
    1 extensive, ample, lengthy, vast.
    2 extensive, ample.
    3 drawn-out, voluble, wordy, prolix.
    4 comprehensive.
    * * *
    1 (amplio) extensive, vast; (grande) large
    2 (largo) lengthy, long
    \
    por extenso at length, in detail
    * * *
    (f. - extensa)
    adj.
    2) vast
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=amplio) [superficie, objeto] extensive; [capítulo, documento] long, lengthy
    2) (=completo) [estudio, tratado] extensive; [conocimientos, vocabulario] extensive, wide
    3) (=detallado) full, detailed

    estuvo muy extenso en sus explicaciones — his explanations were very detailed, he gave full o detailed explanations

    en o por extenso — in full, at length

    * * *
    - sa adjetivo <territorio/zona> extensive, vast; <informe/análisis> lengthy, extensive; <vocabulario/conocimientos> extensive, wide
    * * *
    = vast [vaster -comp., vastest -sup.], comprehensive, full-blown, full-length, lengthy [lengthier -comp., lengthiest -sup.], long [longer -comp., longest -sup.], wide-sweeping, widespread, ample, widespan, extended, epidemic, pandemic, fully blown, large [larger -comp., largest -sup.].
    Ex. If you add to this other access points, such as collections housed in old people's homes or day centres, prisons, hospitals, youth clubs, playgroups etc the coverage is vast.
    Ex. One of the factors to consider in the selection of a data base is whether the data base is comprehensive or not.
    Ex. Reference transactions can range from the ready-reference, or short-answer question, to the full-blown research inquiry to establish methodology.
    Ex. Plays and music performances put on by staff and children require less arduous preparation than a full-length public performance.
    Ex. Informative abstract tend to be relatively lengthy.
    Ex. Uneven allocation will lead to some subjects having relatively short notation at the expense of others with relatively long notation.
    Ex. Surely these innovations already have and will continue to bring deep and wide-sweeping change to our profession - and because of their rapidity, these changes will be sudden and often tumultuous.
    Ex. Comment published so far is favourable, but the code still awaits widespread adoption.
    Ex. The broad tree-lined streets with large Victorian homes surrounded by ample greenery on what were once the outskirts of town -- the gracious and expansive habitations of the wealthy mill and factory owners -- gradually yield to a miscellany of recent bungalows, modest cottages, and modern apartment buildings.
    Ex. With no other type of structure is it possible to obtain clear, widespan coverage of almost unlimited areas, translucency to permit uniform daylight, and transportability or relocatability.
    Ex. The brief abstracts and extended abstracts of papers, not published in full in the proceedings, are excluded.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the epidemic growth of its literature' = El artículo se titula "El síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida (SIDA) y el crecimiento exponencial de su literatura".
    Ex. Test score data were broken down to show that the decline is pandemic throughout the culture & not limited to sex, race, or class variables.
    Ex. This time it's a hairline fracture rather than a fully blown break of a metatarsal, however the result is the same.
    Ex. Serial searching for a string of characters is usually performed on a small subset of a large file.
    ----
    * bastante extenso = longish.
    * en extenso = at length, in full.
    * lo bastante extenso = adequately scoped.
    * lo extenso = comprehensiveness.
    * por extenso = at length.
    * * *
    - sa adjetivo <territorio/zona> extensive, vast; <informe/análisis> lengthy, extensive; <vocabulario/conocimientos> extensive, wide
    * * *
    = vast [vaster -comp., vastest -sup.], comprehensive, full-blown, full-length, lengthy [lengthier -comp., lengthiest -sup.], long [longer -comp., longest -sup.], wide-sweeping, widespread, ample, widespan, extended, epidemic, pandemic, fully blown, large [larger -comp., largest -sup.].

    Ex: If you add to this other access points, such as collections housed in old people's homes or day centres, prisons, hospitals, youth clubs, playgroups etc the coverage is vast.

    Ex: One of the factors to consider in the selection of a data base is whether the data base is comprehensive or not.
    Ex: Reference transactions can range from the ready-reference, or short-answer question, to the full-blown research inquiry to establish methodology.
    Ex: Plays and music performances put on by staff and children require less arduous preparation than a full-length public performance.
    Ex: Informative abstract tend to be relatively lengthy.
    Ex: Uneven allocation will lead to some subjects having relatively short notation at the expense of others with relatively long notation.
    Ex: Surely these innovations already have and will continue to bring deep and wide-sweeping change to our profession - and because of their rapidity, these changes will be sudden and often tumultuous.
    Ex: Comment published so far is favourable, but the code still awaits widespread adoption.
    Ex: The broad tree-lined streets with large Victorian homes surrounded by ample greenery on what were once the outskirts of town -- the gracious and expansive habitations of the wealthy mill and factory owners -- gradually yield to a miscellany of recent bungalows, modest cottages, and modern apartment buildings.
    Ex: With no other type of structure is it possible to obtain clear, widespan coverage of almost unlimited areas, translucency to permit uniform daylight, and transportability or relocatability.
    Ex: The brief abstracts and extended abstracts of papers, not published in full in the proceedings, are excluded.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the epidemic growth of its literature' = El artículo se titula "El síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida (SIDA) y el crecimiento exponencial de su literatura".
    Ex: Test score data were broken down to show that the decline is pandemic throughout the culture & not limited to sex, race, or class variables.
    Ex: This time it's a hairline fracture rather than a fully blown break of a metatarsal, however the result is the same.
    Ex: Serial searching for a string of characters is usually performed on a small subset of a large file.
    * bastante extenso = longish.
    * en extenso = at length, in full.
    * lo bastante extenso = adequately scoped.
    * lo extenso = comprehensiveness.
    * por extenso = at length.

    * * *
    extenso -sa
    1 ‹territorio/zona› extensive, vast
    2 ‹informe/análisis› long, lengthy, full, extensive
    3 ‹vocabulario/conocimientos› extensive, wide
    * * *

     

    extenso
    ◊ -sa adjetivo

    extensive
    extenso,-a adjetivo (en superficie, variedad) extensive, vast: delante de nosotros estaba la extensa sabana, the vast grassland lay in front of us
    (en tiempo, desarrollo) long: la quinta etapa del Tour es la más extensa, the fifth stage of the Tour is the longest

    ' extenso' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    extensa
    - prolijo
    English:
    ample
    - broad
    - comprehensive
    - extensive
    - large
    - protracted
    - wide
    - widespread
    - spacious
    - vast
    * * *
    extenso, -a adj
    1. [terreno, solar] large, extensive;
    [país, región, desierto] vast
    2. [duración, periodo, libro, película] long;
    [informe, discurso] long, lengthy
    3. [conocimientos, vocabulario] extensive
    * * *
    adj
    1 extensive, vast; informe lengthy, long
    2
    :
    por extenso in full
    * * *
    extenso, -sa adj
    1) : extensive, detailed
    2) : spacious, vast
    * * *
    extenso adj
    1. (grande) extensive
    2. (largo) long

    Spanish-English dictionary > extenso

  • 12 reanimar

    v.
    1 to revive.
    El médico reanimó al paciente The doctor revived the patient.
    2 to cheer up (moralmente).
    3 to resuscitate (medicine).
    4 to encourage, to cheer, to cheer up, to give courage.
    María reanimó a su hijo Mary encouraged her son.
    5 to enliven, to cheer up.
    La música reanimó la fiesta The music enlivened the party.
    * * *
    1 (persona) to revive
    2 (fiesta, conversación) to liven up
    1 (persona) to revive; (volver en sí) to come round
    2 (fiesta, conversación) to liven up
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=dar fuerzas) to revive
    2) [+ enfermo, accidentado] to revive
    3) (=dar ánimo) to cheer up
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo to revive
    2.
    reanimarse v pron ( recobrar fuerzas) to revive; ( recobrar el conocimiento) to come to o around
    * * *
    = revive, rekindle, reignite.
    Ex. The result was that by the close of the 1940s, when ADI was revived, new interests were developing which were destined to overthrow the preeminence of microfilm as a documentation concern.
    Ex. A new meteorite study is rekindling a scientific debate over the creation of our solar system.
    Ex. The most important feature of the election is that a stable government will reignite growth.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo to revive
    2.
    reanimarse v pron ( recobrar fuerzas) to revive; ( recobrar el conocimiento) to come to o around
    * * *
    = revive, rekindle, reignite.

    Ex: The result was that by the close of the 1940s, when ADI was revived, new interests were developing which were destined to overthrow the preeminence of microfilm as a documentation concern.

    Ex: A new meteorite study is rekindling a scientific debate over the creation of our solar system.
    Ex: The most important feature of the election is that a stable government will reignite growth.

    * * *
    reanimar [A1 ]
    vt
    2 (tras un accidente, ataque) to revive, resuscitate; (tras un desmayo) to revive, bring … around
    2 (recobrar el conocimiento) to come to o around
    * * *

    reanimar ( conjugate reanimar) verbo transitivo
    to revive
    reanimarse verbo pronominal ( recobrar fuerzas) to revive;
    ( recobrar el conocimiento) to come to o around
    reanimar verbo transitivo
    1 (un medicamento, tratamiento) to revive
    2 (devolver a la consciencia) to bring sb round
    3 (animar) to cheer up
    ' reanimar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    resucitar
    - vivificar
    English:
    bring round
    - resuscitate
    - revitalize
    - revive
    - salt
    - pick
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [físicamente] to revive
    2. [moralmente] to cheer up;
    reanimar la situación económica to improve the economy
    3. Med to resuscitate
    * * *
    v/t revive
    * * *
    1) : to revive, to restore
    2) : to resuscitate
    * * *
    reanimar vb to revive

    Spanish-English dictionary > reanimar

  • 13 reavivar

    v.
    to revive.
    * * *
    1 (fuego) to stoke, stoke up
    2 (dolor) to intensify; (interés) to revive
    * * *
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo to revive
    2.
    reavivarse v pron to be revived
    * * *
    = revive, resuscitate, rekindle, reignite.
    Ex. The result was that by the close of the 1940s, when ADI was revived, new interests were developing which were destined to overthrow the preeminence of microfilm as a documentation concern.
    Ex. An ambitious study of the interrelationships of folklore and literature, this book resuscitates the figure of the granny using oral history and fieldwork.
    Ex. A new meteorite study is rekindling a scientific debate over the creation of our solar system.
    Ex. The most important feature of the election is that a stable government will reignite growth.
    ----
    * reavivar Algo = get back on + track, put + Nombre + back on track.
    * reavivar el debate = reignite + debate.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo to revive
    2.
    reavivarse v pron to be revived
    * * *
    = revive, resuscitate, rekindle, reignite.

    Ex: The result was that by the close of the 1940s, when ADI was revived, new interests were developing which were destined to overthrow the preeminence of microfilm as a documentation concern.

    Ex: An ambitious study of the interrelationships of folklore and literature, this book resuscitates the figure of the granny using oral history and fieldwork.
    Ex: A new meteorite study is rekindling a scientific debate over the creation of our solar system.
    Ex: The most important feature of the election is that a stable government will reignite growth.
    * reavivar Algo = get back on + track, put + Nombre + back on track.
    * reavivar el debate = reignite + debate.

    * * *
    reavivar [A1 ]
    vt
    ‹sentimiento/rencor› to revive, reawaken, rekindle; ‹polémica› to revive
    to be rekindled o reawakened o revived
    * * *

    reavivar ( conjugate reavivar) verbo transitivo
    to revive
    reavivarse verbo pronominal
    to be revived
    reavivar verbo transitivo to revive
    ' reavivar' also found in these entries:
    English:
    rekindle
    - revive
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [fuego] to rekindle
    2. [odio, polémica, interés] to revive;
    reavivar los enfrentamientos to cause renewed clashes
    * * *
    v/t revive
    * * *
    : to revive, to reawaken

    Spanish-English dictionary > reavivar

  • 14 sangriento

    adj.
    1 bloody, sanguinary, sanguineous, bloodshedding.
    2 bloody, bleeding.
    3 bloody, cruel, bloodthirsty, murderous.
    * * *
    2 (con sangre) bloody
    3 (sanguinario) bloody; (cruel) cruel
    * * *
    (f. - sangrienta)
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=con sangre) [herida] bleeding; [arma, manos] bloody, bloodstained
    2) [batalla, guerra] bloody
    3) (=cruel) [injusticia] flagrant; [broma] cruel; [insulto] deadly
    4) liter [color] blood-red
    * * *
    - ta adjetivo bloody
    * * *
    = bloody [bloodier -comp., bloodiest -sup,], murderous, internecine, blood, gory [gorier -comp., goriest -sup.].
    Ex. Events such as the bloody confrontation in Tiananmen Square, political campaigns, military conflicts and other such events are becoming everyday occurrences that hourly revise global affairs and exert their influence on local circumstances.
    Ex. This is a collection of articles on the theme: Books for children with murderous, shocking, menacing endings.
    Ex. The result was a growth of internecine competition.
    Ex. In the field of medicine, the task of the Mycin system is to diagnose blood infections and meningities infections, and to recommend an appropriate drug.
    Ex. Nowadays, the gory process of 'blood doping' in athlectics has been replaced by genetic engineering.
    ----
    * deporte sangriento = blood sport.
    * escena sangrienta = gore.
    * película sangrienta = splatter film.
    * * *
    - ta adjetivo bloody
    * * *
    = bloody [bloodier -comp., bloodiest -sup,], murderous, internecine, blood, gory [gorier -comp., goriest -sup.].

    Ex: Events such as the bloody confrontation in Tiananmen Square, political campaigns, military conflicts and other such events are becoming everyday occurrences that hourly revise global affairs and exert their influence on local circumstances.

    Ex: This is a collection of articles on the theme: Books for children with murderous, shocking, menacing endings.
    Ex: The result was a growth of internecine competition.
    Ex: In the field of medicine, the task of the Mycin system is to diagnose blood infections and meningities infections, and to recommend an appropriate drug.
    Ex: Nowadays, the gory process of 'blood doping' in athlectics has been replaced by genetic engineering.
    * deporte sangriento = blood sport.
    * escena sangrienta = gore.
    * película sangrienta = splatter film.

    * * *
    bloody
    * * *

    sangriento
    ◊ -ta adjetivo

    bloody
    sangriento,-a adjetivo
    1 (una herida) bleeding
    2 (un enfrentamiento, una guerra, un acontecimiento) bloody

    ' sangriento' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    sangrienta
    - truculenta
    - truculento
    English:
    bloody
    - gory
    - blood
    * * *
    sangriento, -a adj
    1. [ensangrentado, cruento] bloody
    2. [despiadado, hiriente] cruel
    * * *
    adj bloody
    * * *
    sangriento, -ta adj
    1) : bloody
    2) : cruel
    * * *
    sangriento adj bloody [comp. bloodier; superl. bloodiest]

    Spanish-English dictionary > sangriento

  • 15 extensible

    adj.
    extensible, extendible.
    * * *
    1 extendable
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) [mesa, escalera] extending
    2) (=ampliable)
    * * *
    adjetivo extendable, extensible
    * * *
    = extendible, extensible, scalable, extendable.
    Ex. An academic library should be extendible to permit future growth with minimum disruption.
    Ex. The results of this research are extensible to other multimedia database applications.
    Ex. The result is an open, scalable, and interoperable architecture, implemented as a client server approach over a low cost equipment set.
    Ex. The system is adaptable, extendable, modular and fast.
    ----
    * XML (Lenguaje Extensible para el Análisis de Documentos) = XML (Extensible Markup Language).
    * * *
    adjetivo extendable, extensible
    * * *
    = extendible, extensible, scalable, extendable.

    Ex: An academic library should be extendible to permit future growth with minimum disruption.

    Ex: The results of this research are extensible to other multimedia database applications.
    Ex: The result is an open, scalable, and interoperable architecture, implemented as a client server approach over a low cost equipment set.
    Ex: The system is adaptable, extendable, modular and fast.
    * XML (Lenguaje Extensible para el Análisis de Documentos) = XML (Extensible Markup Language).

    * * *
    extensible, extensile, extendable
    * * *

    extensible adjetivo extending
    * * *
    extensible, extendible
    * * *
    adj extending
    * * *
    : extensible, extendable

    Spanish-English dictionary > extensible

  • 16 jerga de las iniciales

    (n.) = initialese
    Ex. The result of UNESCO's activity has been the growth of mass of international activity accompanied by a daunting array of jargon and initialese aptly denominated by P.J. Judge as 'alphabet soup'.
    * * *
    (n.) = initialese

    Ex: The result of UNESCO's activity has been the growth of mass of international activity accompanied by a daunting array of jargon and initialese aptly denominated by P.J. Judge as 'alphabet soup'.

    Spanish-English dictionary > jerga de las iniciales

  • 17 sopa de letras

    Ex. The result of UNESCO's activity has been the growth of mass of international activity accompanied by a daunting array of jargon and initialese aptly denominated by P.J. Judge as ' alphabet soup'.
    * * *

    Ex: The result of UNESCO's activity has been the growth of mass of international activity accompanied by a daunting array of jargon and initialese aptly denominated by P.J. Judge as ' alphabet soup'.

    Spanish-English dictionary > sopa de letras

  • 18 Tull, Jethro

    [br]
    b. 30 March 1674 Basildon, Essex, England
    d. February 1741 Hungerford, Berkshire, England
    [br]
    English farmer who developed and publicized a system of row crop husbandry.
    [br]
    Jethro Tull was born into an English landowning family. He was educated at St John's College, Oxford, but left without a degree at the age of 17. He then spent three years on the Grand Tour before returning to study law at Gray's Inn in London. After six years he was admitted to the Bar, but he never practised, moving instead to one of his father's farms near Oxford.
    Because of labour problems he chose to plant sainfoin (Onobrychis viciaefolia) as a forage crop because it required less frequent reseeding than grass. The seed itself was expensive and of poor fertility, so he began to experiment. He discovered that the depth of sowing as well as the planting rate influenced germination and the rate of growth, he found the optimum rate could be gained with one plant per ft2, a much lower density than could be achieved by broadcasting. His experiments created labour problems. He is traditionally and incorrectly credited with the invention of the seed drill, but he did develop and use a drill on his own farm to achieve the planting rate and depth he needed without having to rely on his workforce.
    In 1711 Tull became ill and went to France, having first sold his original farm and moved to "Properous", near Hungerford. In France he developed a husbandry technique that used a horse hoe to stir the soil between the rows of plants achieved with his drill. He incorrectly believed that his increased yields were the result of nutrients released from the soil by this method, whereas they were more likely to have been the result of a reduction in weed competition as a result of the repeated cultivation.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1731, The New Horse-Hoeing Husbandry, or an Essay on the Principals of Tillage and Vegetation (sets out the ideas and innovations for which he was already well known).
    Further Reading
    T.H.Marshall, 1929, "Jethro Tull and the new husbandry of the 18th century", Economic History Review 11:41–60 (the relevance and significance of Tull's work was already under discussion before his death; Marshall discusses the controversy).
    G.E.Fussell, 1973, Jethro Tull. His Influence on Mechanised Agriculture (presents a pro- Tull account).
    AP

    Biographical history of technology > Tull, Jethro

  • 19 mutuamente destructivo

    adj.
    mutually destructive, internecine.
    * * *
    (adj.) = internecine
    Ex. The result was a growth of internecine competition.
    * * *
    (adj.) = internecine

    Ex: The result was a growth of internecine competition.

    Spanish-English dictionary > mutuamente destructivo

  • 20 ποιέω

    ποιέω (Hom.+) impf. ἐποίουν; fut. ποιήσω; 1 aor. ἐποίησα; pf. πεποίηκα; plpf. πεποιήκειν Mk 15:7 (as IMagnMai 93b, 24; on the omission of the augment s. B-D-F §66, 1; Mlt-H. 190). Mid.: impf. ἐποιούμην; 1 aor. ἐποιησάμην; pf. πεποίημαι 1 Cl 1:1. Pass. (has disappeared almost entirely; B-D-F §315): 1 fut. ποιηθήσομαι; 1 aor. 3 pl. ἐποιήθησαν (En 22:9); pf. 3 sg. πεποίηται (Ec 8:14; Tat. 11, 2), ptc. πεποιημένος (Ec 1:14 al.) Hb 12:27. A multivalent term, often without pointed semantic significance, used in ref. to a broad range of activity involving such matters as bringing someth. into being, bringing someth. to pass, or simply interacting in some way with a variety of entities.
    ① to produce someth. material, make, manufacture, produce τὶ someth. (Gen 6:14ff; 33:17 al.; JosAs 16:8; GrBar 3:5 ‘build’; ApcMos 20; Mel., P. 38, 261).
    ⓐ of human activity: σκεῦος 2 Cl 8:2. χιτῶνας, ἱμάτια Ac 9:39. εἰκόνα Rv 13:14b. θεούς make gods Ac 7:40 (Ex 32:1). ναοὺς ἀργυροῦς 19:24. ἀνθρακιάν J 18:18. τέσσαρα μέρη 19:23 (s. μέρος 1a). πηλόν 9:11, 14. σκηνὰς pitch tents, build huts (1 Ch 15:1; 2 Esdr 18: 16f; Jdth 8:5; Jos., Ant. 3, 79; Just., D. 127, 3 σκηνήν) Mt 17:4; Mk 9:5; Lk 9:33. ἁγίασμα GJs 6:1; καταπέτασμα τῷ ναῷ 10:1; τὴν πορφύραν καὶ τὸ κόκκινον 12:1.—Used w. prepositional expressions ποιῆσαι αὐτὴν (i.e. τὴν σκηνὴν τοῦ μαρτυρίου) κατὰ τὸν τύπον to make it (the tent of testimony) according to the model (Ex 25:40) Ac 7:44; cp. Hb 8:5. ποιεῖν τι ἔκ τινος make someth. from or out of someth. (i.e. fr. a certain material; Hdt. 2, 96; cp. X., An. 4, 5, 14; Theophr., HP 4, 2, 5; Ex 20:24f; 28:15; 29:2) J 2:15; 9:6; Ro 9:21.
    ⓑ of divine activity, specifically of God’s creative activity create (Hes., Op. 109; Heraclitus, Fgm. 30 κόσμον οὔτε τις θεῶν οὔτε ἀνθρώπων ἐποίησεν, ἀλλʼ ἦν ἀεὶ καὶ ἔστιν καὶ ἔσται; Pla., Tim. 76c ὁ ποιῶν ‘the Creator’; Epict. 1, 6, 5; 1, 14, 10; 2, 8, 19 σε ὁ Ζεὺς πεποίηκε; 4, 1, 102; 107; 4, 7, 6 ὁ θεὸς πάντα πεποίηκεν; Ael. Aristid. 43, 7 K.=1 p. 2 D.: Ζεὺς τὰ πάντα ἐποίησεν; Herm. Wr. 4, 1. In LXX oft. for בָּרָא also Wsd 1:13; 9:9; Sir 7:30; 32:13; Tob 8:6; Jdth 8:14; Bar 3:35; 4:7; 2 Macc 7:28; Aristobulus in Eus., PE13, 12, 12 [pp. 182 and 184 Holladay]; JosAs 9:5; Philo, Sacr. Abel. 65 and oft.; SibOr 3, 28 and Fgm. 3, 3; 16; Just., A II, 5, 2 al.) w. acc. ἡ χείρ μου ἐποίησεν ταῦτα πάντα Ac 7:50 (Is 66:2). τοὺς αἰῶνας Hb 1:2 (s. αἰών 3). τὸν κόσμον (Epict. 4, 7, 6 ὁ θεὸς πάντα πεποίηκεν τὰ ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ καὶ αὐτὸν τὸν κόσμον ὅλον; Sallust. 5 p. 10, 29; Wsd 9:9; TestAbr A 10 p. 88, 21 [Stone p. 24]) Ac 17:24. τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν (cp. Ael. Aristid. above; Gen 1:1; Ex 20:11; Ps 120:2; 145:6; Is 37:16; Jer 39:17 et al.; TestJob 2:4; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 121; Aristobulus above) Ac 4:24; 14:15b; cp. Rv 14:7. τὰ πάντα PtK 2 p. 13, 26 (JosAs 12, 2; Just., D. 55, 2; also s. Ael. Aristid. above). Lk 11:40 is classed here by many. Of the relation of Jesus to God Ἰησοῦν, πιστὸν ὄντα τῷ ποιήσαντι αὐτόν= appointed him Hb 3:2 (cp. Is 17:7).—W. a second acc., that of the predicate (PSI 435, 19 [258 B.C.] ὅπως ἂν ὁ Σάραπις πολλῷ σὲ μείζω ποιήσῃ) ἄρσεν καὶ θῆλυ ἐποίησεν αὐτούς (God) created them male and female Mt 19:4b; Mk 10:6 (both Gen 1:27c).—Pass. Hb 12:27.—ὁ ποιήσας the Creator Mt 19:4a v.l.
    ② to undertake or do someth. that brings about an event, state, or condition, do, cause, bring about, accomplish, prepare, etc.
    ⓐ ἔργα π. do deeds, also in sg. (as JosAs 29:3 μὴ ποιήσῃς τὸ ἔργον τοῦτο) τὰ ἔργα τοῦ Ἀβραὰμ π. do as Abraham did J 8:39. τὰ ἔργα τοῦ πατρὸς ὑμῶν vs. 41; cp. 10:37. τὰ πρῶτα ἔργα Rv 2:5. ἔργον commit a deed 1 Cor 5:2 v.l. ἔργον ποίησον εὐαγγελιστοῦ 2 Ti 4:5 (s. ἔργον 2).—ἔργον or ἔργα somet. refer to wondrous deeds: ἓν ἔργον ἐποίησα I have done just one (wondrous) deed J 7:21. Pl. 14:12a; cp. vs. 12bc. This illustrates the transition to
    ⓑ do, perform miracles δυνάμεις Mt 7:22; 13:58; Ac 19:11 (Just., A I, 26, 2 al.); sg. Mk 6:5; 9:39. θαυμάσια Mt 21:15 (cp. Sir 31:9). μεγάλα καὶ θαυμάσια AcPl Ha 8, 33=BMM verso 5f (Just., A I, 62, 4). σημεῖα (Ex 4:17) J 2:23; 3:2; 7:31; 9:16; 11:47b; 20:30; Rv 13:13a; 16:14; 19:20. Sing. J 6:30; 10:41. τέρατα καὶ σημεῖα Ac 6:8; 7:36. ὅσα Mk 3:8; 6:30; Lk 9:10.—Ac 10:39; 14:11.
    ⓒ of conditions bring about, etc.: εἰρήνην make, establish peace Eph 2:15; Js 3:18 (cp. 2 Macc 1:4). τὴν ἔκβασιν provide a way out 1 Cor 10:13 (on the foll. gen. of the inf. w. the art. s. B-D-F §400, 2; Rob. 1067). ἐπίστασιν ὄχλου cause a disturbance among the people Ac 24:12. τὰ σκάνδαλα create difficulties Ro 16:17. On Mk 6:20 v.l. KRomaniuk, ETL 69, ’93, 140f.—W. dat. of advantage ἐποίουν χαρὰν τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς they brought joy to the members Ac 15:3 (s. ἀδελφός 2a).
    ⓓ used w. a noun as a periphrasis for a simple verb of doing (s. 7a below; B-D-F §310, 1.—ποιέω in such combinations as early as IPriene 8, 63 [c. 328 B.C.], also Plut., Crass. 551 [13, 6]; s. ἑορτή, end). ἐποίησεν ᾆσμα GJs 6:3. διαθήκην π. Hb 8:9 (Jer 38:32 cod. Q; cp. Is 28:15; TestAbr A 8 p. 86, 6 [Stone p. 20] διάταξιν). π. τὴν ἐκδίκησιν Lk 18:7f; cp. Ac 7:24 (s. ἐκδίκησις 1). ἐνέδραν 25:3. κοπετόν 8:2. κρίσιν (s. κρίσις 1aα and β) J 5:27; Jd 15. θρῆνον GJs 3:1. κυνηγίαν AcPl Ha 1, 33. λύτρωσιν Lk 1:68. ὁδὸν ποιεῖν (v.l. ὁδοποιεῖν) Mk 2:23 (ὁδός 2). π. (τὸν) πόλεμον (μετά τινος) wage war (on someone) Rv 11:7; 12:17; 13:7 (Da 7:8 LXX; 7:21 Theod.; Gen 14:2). πρόθεσιν Eph 3:11; συμβούλιον π. Mk 3:6 v.l.; 15:1; συστροφήν Ac 23:12; cp. vs. 13. φόνον Mk 15:7 (cp. Dt 22:8; Callinicus, Vi. Hyp. 98, 21 Bonn; TestAbr B 10 p. 115, 4 [Stone p. 78, 4]).—τὸ ἱκανὸν ποιεῖν τινι vs. 15 s. ἱκανός 1.
    ⓔ what is done is indicated by the neut. of an adj. or pron.: τὸ ἀγαθὸν π. do what is good Ro 13:3; τὰ ἀγαθὰ π. J 5:29; ἀγαθὸν π. do good Mk 3:4; 1 Pt 3:11 (Ps 33:15). τὸ καλὸν Ro 7:21; 2 Cor 13:7b; Gal 6:9. τὰ καλὰ (καὶ εὐάρεστα ἐνώπιον αὐτοῦ) 1 Cl 21:1. καλόν Js 4:17. τὸ κακόν Ro 13:4. τὰ κακά 3:8. κακόν 2 Cor 13:7a (κακὸν μηδέν; cp. SIG 1175, 20 κακόν τι ποιῆσαι). κακά 1 Pt 3:12 (Ps 33:17). τὰ ἀρεστὰ αὐτῷ (=τῷ θεῷ) J 8:29; cp. Hb 13:21b; 1J 3:22 (TestAbr A 15 p. 96, 12 [Stone p. 40] πάντα τὰ ἀρεστὰ ἐνώπιον σου ἐποίησεν). πάντα 1 Cor 9:23; 10:31b; IEph 15:3.—ὅ Mt 26:13; Mk 14:9; J 13:7, 27a. τοῦτο Mt 13:28; Mk 5:32; Lk 5:6; J 14:13, 14 v.l.; AcPl Ha 9, 27; Ro 7:15f, 20 (cp. Epict. 2, 26, 4 ὸ̔ θέλει οὐ ποιεῖ καὶ ὸ̔ μὴ θέλει ποιεῖ); 1 Cor 11:24f (the specific sense ‘sacrifice’ in this passage is opposed by TAbbott [JBL 9, 1890, 137–52], but favored by FMozley [ET 7, 1896, 370–86], AAndersen [D. Abendmahl in d. ersten zwei Jahrh. 1904], and K Goetz [D. Abendmahlsfrage2 1907]). αὐτὸ τοῦτο Gal 2:10. ταῦτα Mt 21:23; 23:23; Gal 5:17; 2 Pt 1:10b. αὐτά J 13:17; Ro 1:32; 2:3. τὸ αὐτό Mt 5:46, 47b.—τί ποιήσω; Mk 10:17; cp. J 18:35 (TestAbr A 4 p. 81, 19 [Stone p. 10]; ParJer 6:14 τί ποιήσωμεν; ApcEsdr 7:4 p. 32, 14 Tdf.). τί ἀγαθὸν ποιήσω; Mt 19:16. τί κακὸν ἐποίησεν; Mt 27:23; Lk 23:22; Mk 15:14. τί περισσὸν ποιεῖτε; Mt 5:47a. τί ποιεῖτε τοῦτο; what is this that you are doing? or why are you doing this? Mk 11:3 (GrBar 2:2 τί ἐποίησας τοῦτο; s. B-D-F §299, 1; Rob. 736; 738; Rdm.2 25f). τί ταῦτα ποιεῖτε; Ac 14:15a (as Demosth. 55, 5). τί σὺ ὧδε ποιεῖς; Hv 1, 1, 5. W. ptc. foll. (B-D-F §414, 5; Rob. 1121) τί ποιεῖτε λύοντες; what are you doing, untying? Mk 11:5. τί ποιεῖτε κλαίοντες; what are you doing, weeping? or what do you mean by weeping? Ac 21:13. τί ποιήσουσιν οἱ βαπτιζόμενοι; what are they to do, who have themselves baptized? 1 Cor 15:29.—A statement of what is to be done follows in an indirect question ὸ̔ ποιεῖς ποίησον do what you must do J 13:27 (as Epict. 3, 21, 24 ποίει ἃ ποιεῖς; 3, 23, 1; 4, 9, 18; TestJob 7:13).
    ⓕ of meals or banquets, and of festivities of which a banquet is the principal part give ἄριστον Lk 14:12. δεῖπνον (q.v. bα) Mk 6:21; Lk 14:12, 16; J 12:2; Hs 5, 2, 9. δοχήν (s. δοχή) Lk 5:29; 14:13; GJs 6:2. γάμους (s. γάμος 1a) Mt 22:2 (JosAs 20:6).—Keep, celebrate (PFay 117, 12) the Passover (feast) Mt 26:18; Hb 11:28 (s. πάσχα 3). Also in connection w. τὴν ἑορτὴν ποιῆσαι Ac 18:21 D the Passover is surely meant. But π. is also used of festivals in general (cp. X., Hell. 4, 5, 2 ποιεῖν Ἴσθμια; 7, 4, 28 τὰ Ὀλύμπια).
    ⓖ of the natural processes of growth; in plant life send out, produce, bear, yield καρπόν, καρπούς (Aristot., Plant. 1, 4, 819b, 31; 2, 10, 829a, 41; LXX [καρπός 1aα]) Mt 3:10; 7:17ab, 18, 19; 13:26; Lk 3:9; 6:43ab; 8:8; 13:9; Rv 22:2; also in imagery Mt 3:8; 21:43; Lk 3:8. κλάδους Mk 4:32. ἐλαίας Js 3:12a (cp. Jos., Ant. 11, 50 ἄμπελοι, αἳ ποιοῦσιν τὸν οἶνον). π. ὕδωρ produce water vs. 12b (but s. ἁλυκός).—Of capital yielding a return ἡ μνᾶ ἐποίησεν πέντε μνᾶς the mina has made five minas Lk 19:18. Also of a person who operates w. capital make money (Ps.-Demosth. 10, 76; Polyb. 2, 62, 12) ἐποίησεν ἄλλα πέντε τάλαντα Mt 25:16 v.l.
    ⓗ with focus on causality
    α. The result of the action is indicated by the acc. and inf.; make (to), cause (someone) to, bring it about that (Hom. et al.; also ins [SIG IV p. 510a index], pap, LXX; TestJob 3:7; 42:6; ParJer 9:16f; ApcMos 16; Just., A I, 26, 5, D. 69, 6; 114, 1; Ath. 13, 2) ποιεῖ αὐτὴν μοιχευθῆναι Mt 5:32. ποιήσω ὑμᾶς γενέσθαι ἁλεεῖς ἀνθρώπων Mk 1:17. Cp. 7:37b; Lk 5:34 ( force someone to fast); J 6:10; Ac 17:26; Rv 13:13b.—ἵνα takes the place of the inf.: ποιήσω αὐτοὺς ἵνα ἥξουσιν Rv 3:9; cp. 13:12b, 16. ἵνα without acc. (TestAbr B 6 p. 110, 20 [Stone p. 68] ποίησον ἵνα φαγῶμεν) J 11:37; Col 4:16; Rv 13:15.—ἡμῖν ὡς πεποιηκόσιν τοῦ περιπατεῖν αὐτόν us, as though we had caused him to walk Ac 3:12 (s. B-D-F §400, 7).
    β. w. a double accusative, of the obj. and the pred. (Hom. et al.; LXX; ApcEsdr 4:27 p. 38, 32 Tdf. λίθους ἄρτους ποιήσας; Mel., P. 68, 494 ποιήσας ἡμᾶς ἱεράτευμα καινόν), make someone or someth. (into) someth. W. noun as predicate acc.: ποιήσω ὑμᾶς ἁλιεῖς ἀνθρώπων Mt 4:19. ὑμεῖς αὐτὸν (i.e. τὸν οἶκον τοῦ θεοῦ) ποιεῖτε σπήλαιον λῃστῶν 21:13; Mk 11:17; Lk 19:46. Cp. Mt 23:15b; J 2:16; 4:46, 54; cp. 2:11; Ac 2:36; 2 Cor 5:21; Hb 1:7 (Ps 103:4); Rv 1:6; 3:12 al. ποίησόν με ὡς ἕνα τ. μισθίων σου Lk 15:19, 21 v.l. (cp. Gen 45:8; 48:20 and s. B-D-F §453, 4; Rob. 481). If the obj. acc. is missing, it may be supplied fr. the context as self-evident ἁρπάζειν αὐτὸν ἵνα ποιήσωσιν βασιλέα take him by force, in order to make (him) king J 6:15.—1 Cor 6:15. Claim that someone is someth., pretend that someone is someth. J 8:53; 10:33; 19:7, 12; 1J 1:10; 5:10. Cp. 5b.—W. adj. as predicate acc.: εὐθείας ποιεῖτε τὰς τρίβους (Is 40:3) make the paths straight Mt 3:3; Mk 1:3; Lk 3:4. τρίχα λευκὴν π. Mt 5:36. Cp. 12:16; 20:12b; 26:73; 28:14; Mk 3:12; J 5:11, 15; 7:23; 16:2; Ac 7:19; Eph 2:14 ὁ ποιήσας τὰ ἀμφότερα ἕν; Rv 12:15; 21:5. ἴσον ἑαυτὸν ποιῶν τῷ θεῷ (thereby) declaring that he was equal to God or making himself equal to God J 5:18.—Cp. use of the mid. 7b below.
    γ. w. adv. of place send outside ἔξω ποιεῖν τινα put someone out (=send outside; cp. X., Cyr. 4, 1, 3 ἔξω βελῶν ποιεῖν=‘put outside bowshot’) Ac 5:34.
    ③ to carry out an obligation of a moral or social nature, do, keep, carry out, practice, commit
    ⓐ do, keep the will or law obediently τὸ θέλημα τοῦ θεοῦ etc. (JosAs 12:3; s. θέλημα 1cγ) Mt 7:21; 12:50; Mk 3:35; J 4:34; 6:38; 7:17; 9:31; Eph 6:6; Hb 10:7, 9 (both Ps 39:9), 36; 13:21; 1J 2:17; Pol 2:2; τὰ θελήματα Mk 3:35 v.l.; Ac 13:22; GEb 121, 34. π. τὰ θελήματα τῆς σαρκός Eph 2:3. Cp. Mt 21:31.—π. τὸν νόμον J 7:19; Gal 5:3; cp. Mt 5:19; Ro 2:14; Gal 3:10 (Dt 27:26); vs. 12 (cp. Lev 18:5).—Mt 7:24, 26; Lk 6:46; J 2:5; 8:44. ἐκεῖνο τὸ προσταχθὲν ἡμῖν ποιήσωμεν let us do what has been commanded us GMary 463, 27f (ParJer 6:9).—ὸ̔ ἐὰν φανηρώσῃ … ὁ θεός, τοῦτο ποιήσομεν GJs 8:2.—ἐξουσίαν ποιεῖν exercise authority Rv 13:12a.
    ⓑ do, practice virtues (cp. SIG 304, 41f τὰ δίκαια): π. τὴν ἀλήθειαν (ἀλήθεια 2b) live the truth J 3:21 (cp. 1QS 1:5 al.); 1J 1:6. (τὴν) δικαιοσύνην (δικαιοσύνη 3a) 1J 2:29; 3:7, 10; Rv 22:11; 2 Cl 4:2; 11:7. τὰ ἐντολά Ro 22:14 v.l. (SGoranson, NTS 43, ’97, 154–57). Differently Mt 6:1 (δικαιοσύνη 3b), which belongs with ποιεῖν ἐλεημοσύνην vs. 2a and 3a (s. ἐλεημοσύνη 1); cp. Ac 9:36; 10:2; 24:17. π. ἐγκράτειαν 2 Cl 15:1. π. χρηστότητα Ro 3:12 (Ps 13:1, 3; 52:4 v.l.). π. ἔλεος show mercy Js 2:13; μετά τινος to someone Lk 1:72; 10:37a (JosAs 23:4; s. ἔλεος a and μετά A2γג).
    ⓒ do, commit, be guilty of sins and vices (τὴν) ἁμαρτίαν (ἁμαρτία 1a) J 8:34; 2 Cor 11:7; 1 Pt 2:22; 1J 3:4a, 8, 9; pl. Js 5:15 (TestAbr B 10 p. 115, 10 [Stone p. 78, 10]). ἁμάρτημα (TestJob 11:3; ParJer 2:2; s. ἁμάρτημα) 1 Cor 6:18. (τὴν) ἀνομίαν (ἀνομία 2) Mt 13:41; 1J 3:4b; 1 Cl 16:10 (Is 53:9). βδέλυγμα καὶ ψεῦδος Rv 21:27. τὸ πονηρὸν τοῦτο GJs 13:1; cp. 13:2; 15:3f; ταῦτα 15:2. τὰ μὴ καθήκοντα Ro 1:28. ὸ̔ οὐκ ἔξεστιν Mk 2:24; cp. Mt 12:2.
    ⓓ The manner of action is more definitely indicated by means of an adv. (Jos., C. Ap. 2, 51). καλῶς ποιεῖν do good or well Mt 12:12; 1 Cor 7:37, 38a (ApcMos 17). κρεῖσσον π. 7:38b; Js 2:8 (s. 5d below), 19; φρονίμως π. act wisely Lk 16:8; π. οὕτως do so (Chariton 8, 6, 4 ποιήσομεν οὕτως=this is the way we will proceed; JosAs 10:20; ApcMos 40; Mel., P. 13, 82) Mt 24:46; Lk 9:15; 12:43; J 14:31 (καθὼς … οὕτως π.); Ac 12:8; 1 Cor 16:1; Js 2:12; B 12:7; GJs 7:2. π. ὡσαύτως proceed in the same way Mt 20:5; ὁμοίως π. Lk 3:11; 10:37b. ὥσπερ οἱ ὑποκριταὶ ποιοῦσιν as the dissemblers do Mt 6:2b. καθὼς ποιεῖτε 1 Th 5:11.—ποιεῖν foll. by a clause beginning w. ὡς: ἐποίησεν ὡς προσέταξεν he did as (the angel) had ordered Mt 1:24; cp. 26:19. Or the clause begins w. καθώς Mt 21:6; J 13:15b (TestJob 7:9). For GJs 17:1 s. 5e.
    ⓔ The manner of the action is more definitely indicated by a prepositional expr. ποιεῖν κατά τι do or act in accordance w. someth. (SIG 915, 13 π. κατὰ τὰς συνθήκας; 1016, 6; PLille 4, 6; 22 [III B.C.]; BGU 998 II, 12 [II B.C.] π. κατὰ τὰ προγεγραμμένα) κατὰ τὰ ἔργα αὐτῶν as they do Mt 23:3b.—Lk 2:27. Also π. πρός τι: πρὸς τὸ θέλημα 12:47.
    ④ to do someth. to others or someth., do someth. to/with, of behavior involving others, π. τι w. some indication of the pers. (or thing) with whom someth. is done; the action may result to the advantage or disadvantage of this person:
    ⓐ neutral π. τί τινα do someth. with someone (double acc. as Demosth. 23, 194 τὶ ποιεῖν ἀγαθὸν τὴν πόλιν) τί ποιήσω Ἰησοῦν; what shall I do with Jesus? Mt 27:22. τί οὖν αὐτὴν ποιήσωμεν; what, then, shall I do about (Mary)? GJs 8:2; cp. 14:1; 17:1. τί ποιήσεις τὸν ἀγρόν; what will you do with the land? Hs 1:4 (ParJer 3:9 τί θέλει ποιήσω τὰ ἅγια σκεύη). Cp. Mk 15:12.—B-D-F §157, 1; Rob. 484.—Neutral is also the expr. π. τί τινι do someth. to someone J 9:26; 12:16; 13:12; Ac 4:16. Likew. the passive form of the familiar saying of Jesus ὡς ποιεῖτε, οὕτω ποιηθήσεται ὑμῖν as you do (whether it be good or ill), it will be done to you 1 Cl 13:2.
    ⓑ to someone’s advantage: π. τί τινι (Diod S 18, 51, 3; TestAbr B 12 p. 116, 19 [Stone p. 80]; ParJer 3:12; ApcMos 3): ὅσα ἐὰν θέλητε ἵνα ποιῶσιν ὑμῖν οἱ ἄνθρωποι Mt 7:12a. τί θέλετε ποιήσω ὑμῖν; what do you want me to do for you? Mt 20:32.—25:40; cp. vs. 45; Mk 5:19f; 7:12; 10:35f, 51; Lk 1:49; 8:39ab; J 13:15a.—π. τι εἴς τινα 1 Th 4:10. π. τι μετά τινος (B-D-F §227, 3, add. reff. B-D-R) Ac 14:27; 15:4 (TestJob 1:4; on the constr. w. μετά s. 3b above and cp. BGU 798, 7; 948, 8).
    ⓒ to someone’s disadvantage: π. τί τινι (Gen 20:9; JosAs 28:10 μὴ ποιήσητε αὐτοῖς κακόν; ApcMos 42) τί ποιήσει τοῖς γεωργοῖς; what will he do to the vine-dressers? Mt 21:40.—Mk 9:13; Lk 6:11; 20:15; Ac 9:13; Hb 13:6 (Ps 117:6); GJs 9:2.—π. τι εἴς τινα (PSI 64, 20; 22 [I B.C.] μηδὲ ποιήσειν εἰς σὲ φάρμακα) J 15:21. π. τι ἔν τινι Mt 17:12; Lk 23:31.
    ⓓ w. dat. and adv. ἐποίησαν αὐτοῖς ὡσαύτως they treated them in the same way Mt 21:36. οὕτως μοι πεποίηκεν κύριος the Lord has dealt thus with me Lk 1:25; cp. 2:48; Mt 18:35. εὖ ποιεῖν τινι Mk 14:7. καλῶς π. τινι Mt 5:44 v.l.; Lk 6:27. ὁμοίως π. τινι 6:31b.—In a condensed colloquialism (ποιεῖν) καθὼς ἐποίει αὐτοῖς (to do) as he was accustomed to do for them Mk 15:8 (s. εὐποιί̈α 1).
    ⓔ w. dat. and prep. κατὰ τὰ αὐτὰ ἐποίουν τοῖς προφήταις οἱ πατέρες αὐτῶν Lk 6:23; cp. vs. 26.
    ⑤ do, make, with variations in specialized expressions
    ⓐ get or gain someth. for oneself, provide oneself with someth. ποιήσατε ἑαυτοῖς βαλλάντια Lk 12:33; φίλους 16:9 (cp. X., An. 5, 5, 12 φίλον ποιεῖσθαί τινα).—Without a dat. Ἰησοῦς μαθητὰς ποιεῖ Jesus was gaining disciples J 4:1.
    ⓑ of mental construction assume, suppose, take as an example (Hdt. et al.) w. double acc. (Pla., Theaet. 197d) ποιήσατε τὸ δένδρον καλόν suppose the tree is good Mt 12:33a; cp. vs. 33b.
    ⓒ w. an acc. of time spend, stay (Anth. 11, 330; PSI 362, 15 [251/250 B.C.]; UPZ 70, 21; PFlor 137, 7 [III A.D.] ἡμέραν, ἥν ποιεῖ ἐκεῖ; PGen 54, 18 τρεῖς ἡμέρας; Pr 13:23; Ec 6:12; Tob. 10:7 BA; TestJob 20:5; 31:4; ParJer 6:16; ApcMos 37 ὥρας τρεῖς; Jos. Ant. 6, 18 μῆνας τέσσαρας; cp. our colloquial ‘do time’. Demosth. 19, 163 and Pla., Phileb. 50d are wrongly cited in this connection, as shown by WSchulze, Graeca Latina 1901, 23f) χρόνον (Dionys. Hal. 4, 66; ParJer 7:33; ApcMos 31) Ac 15:33; 18:23. μῆνας τρεῖς 20:3. τρεῖς μῆνας GJs 12:3. νυχθήμερον 2 Cor 11:25. ἐνιαυτόν Js 4:13 (TestJob 21:1 ἔτη).
    ⓓ καλῶς ποιεῖν w. ptc. foll. do well if, do well to, as a formula somet.= please (s. καλῶς 4a and cp. SIG 561, 6f καλῶς ποιήσειν τοὺς πολίτας προσδεξαμένους; UPZ 110, 11 [164 B.C.]; POxy 300, 5 [I A.D.]; 525, 7; Hdt. 5, 24 εὖ ἐποίησας ἀφικόμενος; SIG 598e, 8f) Ac 10:33; Phil 4:14; 2 Pt 1:19; 3J 6; GEg 252, 53.—Sim. καλῶς ποιεῖν, εἰ … Js 2:8 (cp. PPetr II, 11 [1], 1 καλῶς ποιεῖς εἰ ἔρρωσαι).
    ⓔ αὕτη ἡ ἡμέρα κυρίου ποιήσει ὡς βούλεται this day of the Lord will turn out as (the Lord) wills GJs 17:1 (deStrycker cites Mt 6:34 for the construction); if the accentuation αὐτή is adopted, render: the day of the Lord shall itself bring things about as (the Lord) wills.
    ⑥ to be active in some way, work, be active, abs. (X., An. 1, 5, 8; Ruth 2:19) w. acc. of time (Socrat., Ep. 14, 8 ποιήσας ἡμέρας τριάκοντα) μίαν ὥραν ἐποίησαν they have worked for only one hour Mt 20:12a. ποιῆσαι μῆνας be active for months Rv 13:5.—Somet. it is not a general action or activity that is meant, but the doing of someth. quite definite. The acc. belonging to it is easily supplied fr. the context: λέγουσιν καὶ οὐ ποιοῦσιν they say (it), but do not do or keep (it) Mt 23:3c (the contrast is not betw. speaking [λαλεῖν] and acting in general).—2 Cor 8:10f (s. Betz, 2 Cor p. 64); 1 Th 5:24.
    ⑦ make/do someth. for oneself or of oneself mid.
    ⓐ mostly as a periphrasis of the simple verbal idea (s. 2d) ἀναβολὴν ποιεῖσθαι Ac 25:17 (s. ἀναβολή). ἐκβολὴν ποιεῖσθαι 27:18 (s. ἐκβολή); αὔξησιν π. Eph 4:16; δέησιν or δεήσεις π. Lk 5:33; Phil 1:4; 1 Ti 2:1 (s. δέησις). διαλογισμοὺς π. 1 Cl 21:3; τὰς διδασκαλίας Papias (2:15); τὴν ἕνωσιν π. IPol 5:2; ἐπιστροφὴν π. 1 Cl 1:1 (ἐπιστροφή 1); καθαρισμὸν π. Hb 1:3 (καθαρισμός 2). κοινωνίαν Ro 15:26. κοπετόν Ac 8:2 v.l.; λόγον (Isocr., Ep. 2, 2; Just., D. 1, 3 al.) 1:1; 11:2 D; 20:24 v.l. (on these three passages s. λόγος: 1b; 1aγ and 1aα, end). μνείαν Ro 1:9; Eph 1:16; 1 Th 1:2; Phlm 4 (μνεία 2). μνήμην 2 Pt 1:15 (s. μνήμη 1). μονήν J 14:23 (μονή 1). νουθέτησιν 1 Cl 56:2 (Just., A I, 67, 4). ὁμιλίαν IPol 5:1 (ὁμιλία 2). ποιεῖσθαι τὴν παραβολήν AcPlCor 2:28. πορείαν π. (=πορεύεσθαι; cp. X., An. 5, 6, 11, Cyr. 5, 2, 31; Plut., Mor. 571e; Jos., Vi. 57; 2 Macc 3:8; 12:10; Ar. 4, 2) Lk 13:22. πρόνοιαν π. make provision, care (Isocr. 4, 2 and 136; Demosth., Prooem. 16; Ps.-Demosth. 47, 80; Polyb. 4, 6, 11; Dion. Hal. 5, 46; Aelian, VH 12, 56. Oft. in ins and pap [esp. of civic-minded people]; Da 6:19 προν. ποιούμενος αὐτοῦ; Jos., Bell. 4, 317, C. Ap. 1, 9; Ar. 13, 2) Ro 13:14; Papias (2:15). προσκλίσεις π. 1 Cl 47:3; σπουδὴν π. be eager (Hdt. 1, 4; 5, 30 πᾶσαν σπουδὴν ποιούμενος; 9, 8; Pla., Euthyd. 304e, Leg. 1, 628e; Isocr. 5, 45 πᾶσαν τὴν σπ.̀ περὶ τούτου ποιεῖσθαι; Polyb. 1, 46, 2 al.; Diod S 1, 75, 1; Plut., Mor. 4e; SIG 539A, 15f; 545, 14 τὴν πᾶσαν σπ.̀ ποιούμενος; PHib 71, 9 [III B.C.] τ. πᾶσαν σπ. ποίησαι; 44, 8) Jd 3. συνελεύσεις ποιεῖσθαι come together, meet 1 Cl 20:10 (Just., A I, 67, 7). συνωμοσίαν ποιεῖσθαι form a conspiracy (Polyb. 1, 70, 6; Herodian 7, 4, 3; SIG 526, 16) Ac 23:13.—Cp. use of the act. 2d.
    ⓑ w. double acc., of the obj. and pred. (Lucian, Prom. Es in Verb. 6 σεμνοτάτας ἐποιεῖτο τὰς συνουσίας; GDI 4629, II, 22; 25 [Laconia]; Jos., Ant. 2, 263; s. 2hβ) βεβαίαν τὴν κλῆσιν ποιεῖσθαι make the calling certain 2 Pt 1:10. οὐδενὸς λόγου ποιοῦμαι τὴν ψυχὴν τιμίαν ἐμαυτῷ I don’t consider my life as something of value for myself Ac 20:24. Cp. use of the act. 2hβ.—B. 538. Cp. πράσσω. Schmidt, Syn. I 397–423. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > ποιέω

Страницы

См. также в других словарях:

  • growth theory — The rule that rights in respect of pure or technical trademarks are the result of growth, that is, of increasing amount of use over a period of time. 52 Am J1st Tradem § 22 …   Ballentine's law dictionary

  • growth — noun Date: 1557 1. a. (1) a stage in the process of growing ; size (2) full growth b. the process of growing c. progressive development ; evolution d. increase, expansion …   New Collegiate Dictionary

  • Growth hormone treatment — Growth hormone (GH) is a protein hormone secreted by the pituitary gland which stimulates growth and cell reproduction. In the past growth hormone was extracted from human pituitary glands. GH is now produced by recombinant DNA technology, and… …   Wikipedia

  • The Irish (in Countries Other Than Ireland) —     The Irish (in countries other than Ireland)     † Catholic Encyclopedia ► The Irish (in countries other than Ireland)     I. IN THE UNITED STATES     Who were the first Irish to land on the American continent and the time of their arrival are …   Catholic encyclopedia

  • Growth-share matrix — The BCG matrix (aka B.C.G. analysis, BCG matrix, Boston Box, Boston Matrix, Boston Consulting Group analysis) is a chart that had been created by Bruce Henderson for the Boston Consulting Group in 1970 to help corporations with analyzing their… …   Wikipedia

  • The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints — Classification Latter Day Saint movement Theology Nontrinitarian, Mormonism Governance …   Wikipedia

  • The Oblongs — Title card Format Animation, Black comedy Created by Angus Oblong …   Wikipedia

  • The Antichrist (book) — The Antichrist   Cover of the 2005 Cosimo edition …   Wikipedia

  • The Seal of Confession —     The Law of the Seal of Confession     † Catholic Encyclopedia ► The Law of the Seal of Confession     In the Decretum of the Gratian who compiled the edicts of previous councils and the principles of Church law which he published about 1151,… …   Catholic encyclopedia

  • The Apprentice (Irish TV series) — The Apprentice The header of The Apprentice 2009 Genre Reality television series Created by Mark Burnett …   Wikipedia

  • The Singularity Is Near — The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology   …   Wikipedia

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка:
… Нажмите правой клавишей мыши и выберите «Копировать ссылку»